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EAS lecture 23+ > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Resource cycle

A
  1. Resources and raw materials
  2. Mining, cultivating, and harvesting
  3. Processing of raw materials
  4. Transport of materials
  5. Manufacturing of products
  6. Transportation of products
  7. Purchase and use by the consumer
  8. Final Disposal
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2
Q

Geochemically abundant elements comprise more than ___ of the crust

A

0.1%

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3
Q

Geochemically scarce elements comprise less than ___ of the crust

A

0.1%

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4
Q

Abundant metals

A

iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium, silicon

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5
Q

Scarce and rare metals

A

copper, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, gold, silver, tin, tungsten, mercury, molybdenum, uranium, platinum, etc

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6
Q

Non-metal resources are used for

A

chemicals, fertilizers, building, jewelry, and glass/ceramics

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7
Q

Types of minerals

A

metallics and non-metallics

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8
Q

Examples of metallic minerals

A

metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, gold, platinum, silver, etc

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9
Q

Metallic minerals

A

those mined for constituent metals

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10
Q

Nonmetallic minerals

A

those that we mine for their chemical or physical properties

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11
Q

Examples of non-metallic minerals

A

sodium, sodium chloride, calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite), diamonds and emeralds

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12
Q

Resource

A

a naturally occurring accumulation of material in concentrations and amounts that make extraction currently or potentially feasible

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13
Q

Reserve

A

resources that can be exploited economically under present conditions

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14
Q

mineral deposits

A

are localized concentrations of a resource

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15
Q

ore deposits

A

mineral deposits that can be exploited economically

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16
Q

Mineral deposits are derived from the following parts of the rock cycle:

A
  1. magmatic concentrations of elements
  2. hydrothermal concentration of elements
  3. weathering and concentration of the residual material in place
  4. by chemical sedimentary soncentration
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17
Q

As the magma chamber cools, minerals begin to crystalize as a function of temperature, a process called _________.

A

fractional crystalization

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18
Q

Crystals undergo gravitational ______ to the bottom of a magma chamber because they are ___ than surrounding magma

A

crystal settling

denser

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19
Q

Crystal flotation

A

Where crystalized minerals are less dense than the magma and begin to accumulate

20
Q

Filter pressing

A

where much of the remaining magma moves through a fracture, leaving precipitated crystals behind

21
Q

Cumulates form through:

A
  1. magma cools in fractional crystalization
  2. crystals precipitate
  3. crystals settle in a process called crystal settling

or

  1. crystal flotation where crystals float because they are less dense
  2. remaining magma moves through a fracture, leaving precipitated crystals behind
22
Q

How pegmatites form

A

excluded elements and water are concentrated in the last portion of the magma to crystalize, which makes a coarse grained pegmatite

23
Q

Pegmatite can be found in some _____

A

intrusions

24
Q

Pegmatites often contain:

A

unusual minerals and high concentrations of rare elements (Be, Li, Nb, Cs)

25
Q

Kimberlites

A

fragmented volcanic rocks from particularly explosive eruptions, where magma comes from the mantle beneath old/ stable continental lithosphere

26
Q

Kimberlites contain:

A

Variety of high-pressure minerals such as diamond

27
Q

Hydrothermal deposits:

A

A process where circulating groundwater is heated in volcanic areas and alters dissolved minerals. As the water moves away from the magma, it can cool, boil, or interact with oxygen and can reduce the solubility of dissolved metals causing them to precipitate. The heated water can also emerge from veins or fractures.

28
Q

Types of hydrothermal deposits

A

veins, stratiform deposits, or disseminate ores

29
Q

Vein hydrothermal deposit

A

fractures that have filled with mineral deposits

30
Q

Stratiform hydrothermal deposits

A

formed when hydrothermal water escapes to the seafloor and deposits a layer of mineral particles, resulting in volcanogenic massive sulfides deposits near current and former tectonic boundaries

31
Q

Disseminated ore hydrothermal deposits

A

Forms when hydrothermal water soaks through porosity in rocks and deposits mineral particles in pore spaces

32
Q

Residual deposits

A

Chemical weathering dissolves some components of rock, leaving behind more resistant material.

33
Q

Laterites

A

example of residual deposit (formed in tropical areas) and are rich in metals like nickel, aluminium, and iron

34
Q

Placer deposits

A

flowing water concentrating dense material in sands

35
Q

Black sands

A

rich in iron oxides are an example of placer deposits

36
Q

minerals that concentrate in placers include:

A

gold, platinum, zircons, rutile (titanium), diamonds, and cassiterite (tine)

37
Q

Aggregate

A

loose (exist as unconsolidated material) or can be crushed and sorted on site from a nearby rock

38
Q

Cement

A

formation of limestone, heated clay, and other sulfates/silicates

39
Q

Concrete

A

combining cement with sand and gravel

40
Q

Evaporite deposits

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the evaporation of sea water and the subsequent precipitation of minerals from the solution.

41
Q

Important evaporites:

A

gypsum, halite (used on roads and human consumption), and potash (fertilizer/potassium)

42
Q

Banded iron formations

A

Sedimentary rocks (2 Ga and older) contain iron-rich formations (common iron ore deposits). This is sought to have occurred from the precipitation of Fe by oxygen production by cyanobacteria.

43
Q

Physical impacts of mining

A

volume of removed material may be difficult to replace, removal of plants can cause erosion, and erosion may contaminate streams

44
Q

Mine tailings

A

byproducts that remain after resources are extracted from the deposit

45
Q

Mine tailings and pyrite

A

Tailings piled on-site may be reactive when exposed to oxygen and water, when pyrite (FeS2) produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4) causing pH of surface and groundwater to be more acidic

46
Q

Impacts of Acid mine drainage

A

Mine drainage often contains elevated concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals and presents a major threat to surrounding groundwater and surface water resources, aquifers, aquatic systems, and human health

47
Q

Smelting

A

a process used to extract target metal from the source ore which leads to a lot of greenhouse gases and acid rain.

EAS lecture 23+ (11 decks)

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