Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HUBS192 > Lecture 28: THE NEPHRON > Flashcards

Lecture 28: THE NEPHRON Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

Approximately 1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the nephron responsible for?

A

Urine formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What portion of nephrons are cortical?

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are cortical nephrons found?

A

Lie mainly in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons found?

A

Extend deep into the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

The formation of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of the nephron and its associated structures?

A

Selectively filter blood, return to blood anything to be kept and carry waste away for storage and expulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is each nephron comprised of?

A

A glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is each nephron associated with?

A

A glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of glomerular capillaries?

A

Thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are glomerular capillaries fed and drained by?

A

Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tightly regulated at the glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are peritubular capillaries specialised for?

A

Absoprtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are peritubular capillaries found?

A

Wrapped around the renal tubules (proximal and distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries receive?

A

Filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can pass from the peritubular capillaries into the nephron?

A

Some non-filtered solutes that need to be excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

Extensions that follow the nephron loop deep into the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are vasa recta found?

A

Only with juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What meets at the renal corpuscle?

A

The capillary and nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the renal corpuscle the site of?

A

The filtration barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first part of the nephron?

A

The glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many layers of the glomerular capsule?
Two
26
What is the layers of the glomerular capsule?
Outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells and inner visceral layer of podocytes
27
What is between the layers of the glomerular capsule?
The capsular space which receives the filtrate (primary urine)
28
Where are podocytes found?
Surrounding the glomerular capillaries
29
What is the structure of podocytes?
very branched, very specialised epithelium
30
What do the branches of podocytes form?
Intertwining foot processes called pedicels
31
What forms between pedicels?
Filtration slits
32
What goes through the filtration slits into the capsular space?
Filtered blood (filtrate)
33
Where is the filtration barrier found?
Between the blood and capsular space
34
What does the filtration barrier allow?
Passage of water and small molecules
35
What does the filtration barrier restrict?
Passage of most proteins
36
What isn't filtered into the nephron?
RBC's
37
How many layers are there to the filtration barrier?
Three
38
What are the layers of the filtration barrier?
fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, fused basement membrane and filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
39
What is urine?
Waste fluid and solutes filtered from the blood
40
What happens to what is filtered?
Not everything that is filtered is excreted, some filtrate is reabsorbed and some of what wasn't filtered is secreted into the nephron
41
What does urine =?
Filtered-reabsorbed+secreted
42
What occurs at the PCT?
Bulk reabsorption
43
What is the PCT surrounded by?
Peritubular capillaries
44
What is the cells of the PCT?
Simple cuboidal epithelial
45
What is on the luminal membrane of the PCT cells?
Dense microvilli which forms a brush border to increase the surface area for reabsorption
46
How is the basolateral membrane of the PCT cells?
Highly folded
47
What does the PCT have lots of?
Mitochondria for active transport
48
How is the epithelium of the PCT?
Leaky (tight junctions aren't very tight)
49
Where does the nephron loop go?
Down into the medulla
50
Why is the length of the nephron loop important?
For production of dilute/concentrated urine
51
What is the nephron loop surrounded by?
Vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons
52
What are the components fo the nephron loop?
Thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb
53
What is the structure of the thick descending limb?
Similar to the PCT
54
What is the structure of the thin descending limb?
Simple squamous epithelium
55
What is the structure of the thin ascending limb?
Simple squamous epithelium
56
What is the structure of the thick ascending limb?
Similar to the DCT
57
What does the nephron loop have different permeabilities to?
Water and sodium
58
What happens at the DCT?
Fine tuning (regulated reabsorption)
59
What is the epithelium of the DCT?
Cuboidal but thinner than the PCT
60
What is in the structure of the DCT?
Few microvilli - no brush border, fewer mitochondria
61
What is reabsorption at the DCT influenced mainly by?
Aldosterone
62
What happens at the collecting duct?
Fine tuning - regulated reabsorption
63
What drains into a collecting duct?
Filtrate from several DCT's
64
Where does the collecting duct empty into?
The papilla
65
What is the structure of the collecting duct?
Wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, principal cells and intercalated cells
66
What is the role of principal cells?
Reabsorption
67
What is the role of intercalated cells?
Acid/base balance
68
What is reabsorption at the collecting duct influenced by?
ADH and aldosterone
69
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
A specialised zone in every nephron
70
Where is the JGA?
Where the DCT lies against the afferent arteriole
71
What are the specialised cells of the DCT at the JGA
Macula densa cells
72
What are macula densa cells?
Chemoreceptors which detect sodium levels in the filtrate in the DCT
73
What are the specialised cells of the afferent arteriole of the JGA?
Juxtaglomerular cells
74
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
Mechanoreceptors which detect blood pressure
75
What does the JGA control?
Glomerular filtration rate, ensuring the system is working at full capacity
76
What does the JGA stabilise?
Blood pressure

HUBS192 (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions