Lecture 13: COMPOSITION AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

Question 1

What are the general functions of blood?

Answer 1

Transport, Immune and Coagulation

Question 2

What does the blood transport?

Answer 2

Oxygen, water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, waste products, ions, heat, hormones, coagulation factors and immune cells

Question 3

What does the blood transport which is needed by cells?

Answer 3

Oxygen, water and nutrients

Question 4

What does the blood transport to be broken down and removed?

Answer 4

Carbon dioxide and waste products

Question 5

What are ions in the blood associated with?

Answer 5

pH and homeostasis

Question 6

How does heat get into the blood?

Answer 6

A product of oxidative reactions in cells

Question 7

What are hormones in the blood needed for?

Answer 7

To coordinate the activity of organs of the body

Question 8

What is the immune function of blood needed for?

Answer 8

Fighting infection and production of the immune response

Question 9

What is the immune response largely via?

Answer 9

White blood cells

Question 10

What is coagulation needed for?

Answer 10

To prevent bleeding

Question 11

How does coagulation occur?

Answer 11

Via platelets and coagulation factors in the plasma

Question 12

What does blood consist of?

Answer 12

Plasma and formed elements

Question 13

What amount is plasma?

Answer 13

55%

Question 14

What amount is formed elements?

Answer 14

45%

Question 15

What is blood volume typically proportional to?

Answer 15

Lean body mass

Question 16

How many ml of blood per kg?

Answer 16

60-80

Question 17

What makes up the plasma?

Answer 17

Plasma proteins (7%), other solutes (1%) and water (92%)

Question 18

What are the plasma proteins?

Answer 18

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, enzymes and hormones

Question 19

What do albumins do?

Answer 19

Maintain osmotic pressure

Question 20

What do globulins do?

Answer 20

Immune response

Question 21

What does fibrinogen do?

Answer 21

Coagulation factor

Question 22

What doe enzymes and hormones do?

Answer 22

Lots of functions, varies by person

Question 23

What are the other solutes?

Answer 23

Electrolytes, organic nutrients and organic wastes

Question 24

What do electrolytes do?

Answer 24

Maintain pH and ion balance

Question 25

What are organic nutrients needed for?

Answer 25

Cells need these to function

Question 26

What are organic wastes for?

Answer 26

Cells are getting rid of this

Question 27

What is the main component of plasma?

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

What can water in the plasma do?

Answer 28

Hold a lot of heat

Question 29

What makes up the formed elements?

Answer 29

Platelets (<0.1%), White blood cells (<0.1%) and red blood cells (99.9%)

Question 30

What are platelets?

Answer 30

Cell fragments that participate in clotting (coagulation) to stop bleeding

Question 31

What are white blood cells?

Answer 31

Immune response and defence mechanisms which seek and destroy invading pathogens

Question 32

What are red blood cells?

Answer 32

By far the most common cell found in blood. Highly specialised to transport oxygen

Question 33

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 33

The formation of blood cells

Question 34

Where is hematopoiesis initiated?

Answer 34

In the red bone marrow which contains hemocytoblasts

Question 35

What are hemocytoblasts?

Answer 35

The progenitors for all blood cells

Question 36

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 36

The stimulating chemical to produce more red blood cells

Question 37

What is the shape of RBC's/erythrocytes?

Answer 37

Biconcave disc

Question 38

What does the shape of RBC's mean?

Answer 38

Large surface area: volume ration which allows efficient diffusion of gases. Also flexibility for movement through narrow capillaries

Question 39

What do RBC's contain?

Answer 39

A large amount of haemoglobin (1/3 of weight)

Question 40

What do RBC's use to bind oxygen?

Answer 40

Iron as part of the heme structure

Question 41

How many heme suits in a haemoglobin?

Answer 41

Four, so each haemoglobin van bind four oxygen molecules

Question 42

What determines oxygen carrying capacity?

Answer 42

The amount of haemoglobin and red blood cells

Question 43

What does centrifuged blood do?

Answer 43

Separate into its main components by weight

Question 44

What is hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)?

Answer 44

The fraction of blood occupied by red blood cells

Question 45

What is the hematocrits range for men?

Answer 45

0.4-0.54

Question 46

What is the hematocrits range for women?

Answer 46

0.37-0.47

Question 47

What is the Buffy coat?

Answer 47

The white blood cells and platelets (not always visible)

Question 48

What is low hematocrits?

Answer 48

Anemic

Question 49

What is high hematocrit?

Answer 49

Polycythemic

Question 50

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 50

Generation of red blood cells

Question 51

What is required for erythropoiesis?

Answer 51

Iron so that haemoglobin can be made

Question 52

What is RBC production controlled by?

Answer 52

Homeostatic mechanism involving erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 53

What happens when oxygen levels are lower in the atmosphere?

Answer 53

There is less oxygen delivered to places throughout the body

Question 54

What is decreased oxygen levels sensed by?

Answer 54

The kidneys and in response more EPO is produced to increase the amount of RBC and therefore oxygen carrying capacity

Question 55

What improves the rate of erythropoiesis?

Answer 55

testosterone