Lecture 14: OVERVIEW AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Question 1

What is the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood fo the circulatory system for gas exchange

Question 2

What are the key characteristics of air?

Answer 2

Warm, clean and moist

Question 3

What does the respiratory system need to be effective?

Answer 3

A surface for gas exchange, a path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition, ability to draw breath in and out, plus produce sound (voice) and olfaction (smell)

Question 4

What happens at the surface for gas exchange?

Answer 4

Blood and air come close together but are separated (don’t mix)

Question 5

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

Upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract plus thoracic cavity, joints and respiratory muscles

Question 6

What are the regions of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

Conducting region, respiratory region, oral cavity and nasal cavity

Question 7

Where is the conducting region?

Answer 7

From the nose to the bronchioles

Question 8

What does the conducting region do?

Answer 8

Ensures air is warm, clean and moist

Question 9

Where is the respiratory region?

Answer 9

Alveoli deep in the lungs

Question 10

What is the respiratory region the site of?

Answer 10

Gas exchange

Question 11

What is the oral cavity?

Answer 11

Passage for air and food= different cellular structure

Question 12

What is the nasal cavity for?

Answer 12

Olfaction

Question 13

Where is mucosa found?

Answer 13

Lining most hollow body organs

Question 14

What is mucosa?

Answer 14

Epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria (connective tissue and glands)

Question 15

What is below the mucosa?

Answer 15

Usually the submucosal layer

Question 16

What does the submucosal layer contain?

Answer 16

Depending on the region may contain many glands, also connective tissue and blood vessels

Question 17

What is the respiratory tract lined with?

Answer 17

Mucosa

Question 18

What changes along the respiratory tract?

Answer 18

The epithelia to reflect function

Question 19

What is the epithelia of most of the conducting region?

Answer 19

Respiratory epithelium

Question 20

What is the epithelia where air and food travel?

Answer 20

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion like in skin

Question 21

What is the epithelia at sites of gas exchange?

Answer 21

Simple squamous so it is thin

Question 22

What is the epithelia at the olfaction?

Answer 22

Olfactory mucosa

Question 23

What is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 23

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Question 24

What is pseudo stratified?

Answer 24

Fake layering where all cells touch the basement membrane

Question 25

Where are cilia found?

Answer 25

On the apical surface of cells

Question 26

WHere is respiratory epithelium found?

Answer 26

In the nasal cavity, parts of the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 27

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 27

produce mucus

Question 28

What does mucus do?

Answer 28

Traps debris, cleans and moistens air

Question 29

What do ciliated cells do?

Answer 29

Patterned movement pushes mucus to the pharynx. It is then swallowed and digested by stomach acid

Question 30

What are the components of the URT?

Answer 30

Nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

Question 31

What is the components of the pharynx?

Answer 31

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 32

What is the function of the URT?

Answer 32

A conducting passage (not only for air) which prepares air for the respiratory membrane (gas exchange)

Question 33

What are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 33

Resonating chambers for speech

Question 34

What is olfaction?

Answer 34

Sensory receptors for smell

Question 35

What is the nose?

Answer 35

The primary passageway for air

Question 36

What is the secondary passageway for air?

Answer 36

The mouth

Question 37

What is the nose made of?

Answer 37

Cartilage and bone

Question 38

What is the cartilage of the nose?

Answer 38

Soft and flexible, maintains a patent (open and unobstructed) airway

Question 39

What are the bones of the nose?

Answer 39

2 nasal bones on the bridge of the nose

Question 40

What are nostrils?

Answer 40

External anterior nares

Question 41

What is part of the nose?

Answer 41

Vestibule

Question 42

What is the vestibule lined with?

Answer 42

Skin

Question 43

Wha does the vestibule have?

Answer 43

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles

Question 44

What are the hairs in the vestibule?

Answer 44

Vibrissiae

Question 45

What do vibrissiae do?

Answer 45

Filter inhaled air (remove big particles)

Question 46

What divides the nasal complex in half?

Answer 46

The nasal septum in the midline

Question 47

What is the anterior of the nasal complex?

Answer 47

Cartilage

Question 48

What is the posterior of the nasal complex?

Answer 48

Bone

Question 49

Where do the internal posterior nares open into?

Answer 49

The nasal pathway

Question 50

What is the roof of the nasal complex cavity formed by?

Answer 50

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Question 51

What is the floor of the nasal complex cavity formed by?

Answer 51

Hard and soft palates

Question 52

What is on the lateral walls of the nasal complex?

Answer 52

Conchae

Question 53

How many conchae are there?

Answer 53

3

Question 54

What are the names of the conchae?

Answer 54

Superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)

Question 55

What are conchae covered by?

Answer 55

Respiratory epithelium

Question 56

What do conchae do?

Answer 56

Swirl inspired air

Question 57

What do particles do at the conchae?

Answer 57

Stick to the mucosa

Question 58

What does the conchae give more time for?

Answer 58

Warming and humidifying fo air, plus olfactory detection

Question 59

What is the nasal epithelium?

Answer 59

Mostly respiratory epithelium plus area of olfactory mucosa

Question 60

What does the area on the roof of the nasal cavity contain?

Answer 60

Smell (olfactory) receptors which is sent along olfactory nerve fibres

Question 61

What does the epithelium of the nasal mucosa sit on?

Answer 61

Lamina propria (connective tissue layer)

Question 62

What does the nasal mucosa contain?

Answer 62

A plexus (network) of thin walled veins

Question 63

What does the nasal mucosa help?

Answer 63

Warm incoming air (radiation)

Question 64

What happens when air temperature drops?

Answer 64

Vascular plexus dilates meaning there is greater heat transfer

Question 65

Where do nose bleeds normally originate?

Answer 65

from damage of the nasal mucosa

Question 66

what is sinus?

Answer 66

A cavity within a bone (normally air filled)

Question 67

What is paranasal?

Answer 67

Surrounding the nose

Question 68

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

Answer 68

Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Question 69

What is the paranasal sinuses lined with?

Answer 69

Respiratory mucose

Question 70

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

Answer 70

The pharynx

Question 71

what is the functions of the paranasal sinus?

Answer 71

Lighten skull, increase surface area to clean, warm and moisten air, sound resonance (amplifies voice)

Question 72

What can infected mucus in the paranasal sinus do?

Answer 72

Block drainage causing blocked sinuses

Question 73

What is the pharynx?

Answer 73

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive system

Question 74

What is the pharynx commonly called?

Answer 74

The throat

Question 75

What is the nasopharynx a passage for?

Answer 75

Air only so has respiratory mucosa

Question 76

Where is the nasopharynx found?

Answer 76

Posterior to the nasal cavity

Question 77

Where does the nasopharynx go from?

Answer 77

Posterior nares to the soft palate

Question 78

What do the soft palate and uvula do?

Answer 78

Block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity

Question 79

What do auditory do?

Answer 79

Drain mucus to the nasopharynx from the middle air and also have a role in equalising pressure

Question 80

What tonsils are in the nasopharynx?

Answer 80

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) on the posterior wall

Question 81

What is the oropharynx a passage for?

Answer 81

Air and food

Question 82

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx?

Answer 82

Stratified squamous which protects against abrasion

Question 83

Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 83

Posterior to the oral cavity

Question 84

Where does the oropharynx go from?

Answer 84

The soft palate to the hyoid bone

Question 85

What tonsils are in the oropharynx?

Answer 85

The palatine (lateral) and lingual (beneath the tongue)

Question 86

What is the laryngopharynx a passage for?

Answer 86

Air and food

Question 87

What is the epithelium of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 87

Stratified squamous which protects against abrasion

Question 88

Where does the laryngopharynx go from?

Answer 88

Hyoid bone to opening of the larynx/beginning of the oesophagus

Question 89

Where does the laryngopharynx end?

Answer 89

At a level where the respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

Question 90

What has right of way during swallowing?

Answer 90

Food