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HUBS192 > Lecture 14: OVERVIEW AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT > Flashcards

Lecture 14: OVERVIEW AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood fo the circulatory system for gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of air?

A

Warm, clean and moist

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3
Q

What does the respiratory system need to be effective?

A

A surface for gas exchange, a path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition, ability to draw breath in and out, plus produce sound (voice) and olfaction (smell)

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4
Q

What happens at the surface for gas exchange?

A

Blood and air come close together but are separated (don’t mix)

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5
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract plus thoracic cavity, joints and respiratory muscles

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6
Q

What are the regions of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting region, respiratory region, oral cavity and nasal cavity

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7
Q

Where is the conducting region?

A

From the nose to the bronchioles

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8
Q

What does the conducting region do?

A

Ensures air is warm, clean and moist

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9
Q

Where is the respiratory region?

A

Alveoli deep in the lungs

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10
Q

What is the respiratory region the site of?

A

Gas exchange

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11
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

Passage for air and food= different cellular structure

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12
Q

What is the nasal cavity for?

A

Olfaction

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13
Q

Where is mucosa found?

A

Lining most hollow body organs

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14
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria (connective tissue and glands)

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15
Q

What is below the mucosa?

A

Usually the submucosal layer

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16
Q

What does the submucosal layer contain?

A

Depending on the region may contain many glands, also connective tissue and blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the respiratory tract lined with?

A

Mucosa

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18
Q

What changes along the respiratory tract?

A

The epithelia to reflect function

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19
Q

What is the epithelia of most of the conducting region?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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20
Q

What is the epithelia where air and food travel?

A

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion like in skin

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21
Q

What is the epithelia at sites of gas exchange?

A

Simple squamous so it is thin

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22
Q

What is the epithelia at the olfaction?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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23
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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24
Q

What is pseudo stratified?

A

Fake layering where all cells touch the basement membrane

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25
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

On the apical surface of cells

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26
Q

WHere is respiratory epithelium found?

A

In the nasal cavity, parts of the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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27
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus

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28
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Traps debris, cleans and moistens air

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29
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

Patterned movement pushes mucus to the pharynx. It is then swallowed and digested by stomach acid

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30
Q

What are the components of the URT?

A

Nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

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31
Q

What is the components of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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32
Q

What is the function of the URT?

A

A conducting passage (not only for air) which prepares air for the respiratory membrane (gas exchange)

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33
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Resonating chambers for speech

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34
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Sensory receptors for smell

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35
Q

What is the nose?

A

The primary passageway for air

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36
Q

What is the secondary passageway for air?

A

The mouth

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37
Q

What is the nose made of?

A

Cartilage and bone

38
Q

What is the cartilage of the nose?

A

Soft and flexible, maintains a patent (open and unobstructed) airway

39
Q

What are the bones of the nose?

A

2 nasal bones on the bridge of the nose

40
Q

What are nostrils?

A

External anterior nares

41
Q

What is part of the nose?

A

Vestibule

42
Q

What is the vestibule lined with?

A

Skin

43
Q

Wha does the vestibule have?

A

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles

44
Q

What are the hairs in the vestibule?

A

Vibrissiae

45
Q

What do vibrissiae do?

A

Filter inhaled air (remove big particles)

46
Q

What divides the nasal complex in half?

A

The nasal septum in the midline

47
Q

What is the anterior of the nasal complex?

A

Cartilage

48
Q

What is the posterior of the nasal complex?

A

Bone

49
Q

Where do the internal posterior nares open into?

A

The nasal pathway

50
Q

What is the roof of the nasal complex cavity formed by?

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

51
Q

What is the floor of the nasal complex cavity formed by?

A

Hard and soft palates

52
Q

What is on the lateral walls of the nasal complex?

A

Conchae

53
Q

How many conchae are there?

A

3

54
Q

What are the names of the conchae?

A

Superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)

55
Q

What are conchae covered by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

56
Q

What do conchae do?

A

Swirl inspired air

57
Q

What do particles do at the conchae?

A

Stick to the mucosa

58
Q

What does the conchae give more time for?

A

Warming and humidifying fo air, plus olfactory detection

59
Q

What is the nasal epithelium?

A

Mostly respiratory epithelium plus area of olfactory mucosa

60
Q

What does the area on the roof of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Smell (olfactory) receptors which is sent along olfactory nerve fibres

61
Q

What does the epithelium of the nasal mucosa sit on?

A

Lamina propria (connective tissue layer)

62
Q

What does the nasal mucosa contain?

A

A plexus (network) of thin walled veins

63
Q

What does the nasal mucosa help?

A

Warm incoming air (radiation)

64
Q

What happens when air temperature drops?

A

Vascular plexus dilates meaning there is greater heat transfer

65
Q

Where do nose bleeds normally originate?

A

from damage of the nasal mucosa

66
Q

what is sinus?

A

A cavity within a bone (normally air filled)

67
Q

What is paranasal?

A

Surrounding the nose

68
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

A

Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

69
Q

What is the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucose

70
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

The pharynx

71
Q

what is the functions of the paranasal sinus?

A

Lighten skull, increase surface area to clean, warm and moisten air, sound resonance (amplifies voice)

72
Q

What can infected mucus in the paranasal sinus do?

A

Block drainage causing blocked sinuses

73
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive system

74
Q

What is the pharynx commonly called?

A

The throat

75
Q

What is the nasopharynx a passage for?

A

Air only so has respiratory mucosa

76
Q

Where is the nasopharynx found?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity

77
Q

Where does the nasopharynx go from?

A

Posterior nares to the soft palate

78
Q

What do the soft palate and uvula do?

A

Block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity

79
Q

What do auditory do?

A

Drain mucus to the nasopharynx from the middle air and also have a role in equalising pressure

80
Q

What tonsils are in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) on the posterior wall

81
Q

What is the oropharynx a passage for?

A

Air and food

82
Q

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous which protects against abrasion

83
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

Posterior to the oral cavity

84
Q

Where does the oropharynx go from?

A

The soft palate to the hyoid bone

85
Q

What tonsils are in the oropharynx?

A

The palatine (lateral) and lingual (beneath the tongue)

86
Q

What is the laryngopharynx a passage for?

A

Air and food

87
Q

What is the epithelium of the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous which protects against abrasion

88
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx go from?

A

Hyoid bone to opening of the larynx/beginning of the oesophagus

89
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx end?

A

At a level where the respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

90
Q

What has right of way during swallowing?

A

Food

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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