Lecture 28: Glucose metabolism, energy balance and obesity Flashcards
What two things to we need to take into account when considering our energy balance?
energy consumption
energy expenditure
What are the only three macronutrients that contribute to energy consumption?
carbohydrates
protein
fat
How much energy per gram is there in carbohydrates?
17kJ/g
How much energy per gram is there in protein?
17kJ/g
How much energy is there per gram in fat?
37kJ/g
What four things contribute to energy expenditure?
basal metabolic rate
thermogenesis
locomotion
growth
How can we increase our basal metabolic rate?
by doing exercise
What is the main form of energy in our body?
glucose
Glucose is a _____saccharide with 6 rings
mono
What is hypoglycaemia and what does it cause?
low blood sugar, causing dizziness, decreased CNS function, coma and death
What is hyperglycaemia and what does it cause?
high blood glucose levels causing osmotic diuresis, dehydration, vascular collapse, death
Glucose metabolism maintains blood glucose levels at what?
between 4 and 6mM
When we first ingest glucose, it is converted to what? What does this produce?
it is converted into pyruvic acid which produces 2 ATP
When no oxygen is present, what happens to the pyruvic acid?
it undergoes anaerobic respiration and produces lactic acid
When there is oxygen available, what happens to the pyruvic acid?
It is able to go on and produce 36 ATP
In the presence of O2, how may ATP are produced from glucose?
38
How long does glycogen stay in the liver in storage?
24-48 hours
What is the main storage of energy? Why is this?
the main storage is fat and this is because it is lighter and stores more energy
What are the two storage forms of energy?
glycogen
fat
When is the absorptive state?
when we are eating
During the absorptive state, amino acids are converted into what?
proteins
During the absorptive state, fatty acids are converted into what?
triglycerides
During the absorptive state, α-glycerol is converted into what?
triglycerides
During the absorptive state, glucose is converted into what?
glycogen
During the absorptive state, most cells convert glucose into what?
carbon dioxide and water and energy
During the absorptive state, glucose is converted to what?
glycogen (in the liver) and fat
During the absorptive state, is it anabolic or catabolic and is there high insulin or high glucagon?
anabolic
high insulin
During the post-absorptive state, is it anabolic or catabolic and is there high insulin or high glucagon?
catabolic
high glucagon
In the post-absorptive state, proteins are converted to what?
amino acids
In the post-absorptive state, triglycerides are converted to what?
glycerol and fatty acids