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231 > Lecture 21: Finishing Vision and Hearing 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Finishing Vision and Hearing 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the retina responsible for?

A

for converting light energy into patterned changes of membrane potential

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2
Q

Information from photoreceptors and interneurons is combined so that what?

So that the output from ________ cells depends critically on the _______ and _________ pattern of light _________ on the _______

A

the output from ganglion cells depend critically on the spatial and temporal pattern of light stimulation on the retina.

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3
Q

Where are receptive fields large and small?

A

in the fovea very small, in the periphery of the retina much bigger

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4
Q

Where are there no photoreceptors?

A

in the optic disc

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5
Q

Where are objects in and out of their visual context analysed?

A

in the visual cortex

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6
Q

For analysis of form, cells in the visual cortex are responding to what?

A

edges and corners

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7
Q

For analysis of movement, there are cells in the visual cortex responding to what?

A

direction of movement and direction of movement in relation to the background

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8
Q

For analysis of colour, there are cells in the visual cortex responding to what?

A

wavelengths coming from an object in relation to wavelengths coming from objects nearby, and an average of wavelengths from objects in other parts of the field of view

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9
Q

Information processed in the visual cortex is used for what?

To discriminate between ______ and _______, to tell us ______ objects are, ______ they are, and where they are ________

A

to discriminate between objects and background, to tell us what objects are, where they are, and where they are moving

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10
Q

What are the two halves of each retina called and where are these?

A

the nasal retina (the half of each retina that is closest to the nose) and the temporal retina (the half of each retina that is closest to the temples)

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11
Q

Objects from the left visual space are processed where?

A

in the right brain, and vice versa

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12
Q

Information is sent from the eye to ______ ________ in the brain in such as way as to preserve what?

_______ relationships between ______ stimuli

A

visual centres

spatial relationships between visual stimuli

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13
Q

Describe the pathway of information being sent from the eye to the brain due to something being detected in the left visual space of the left eye?

A

If is it detected in the left visual space of the left eye, it will be detected on right of the retina in the left eye. The information will be sent down the optic nerve behind the left eye into the brain and cross over onto the right side of the brain at the optic chiasm. It it then projected down the optic tract of the right side of the brain until it reaches the Lateral geniculate nucleus. It then travels to the right side of the occipital lobe to the visual cortex

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14
Q

Describe the pathway of information being sent from the eye to the brain due to something being detected in the left visual space of the right eye?

A

If is it detected in the left visual space of the right eye, it will be detected on right of the retina in the right eye. The information will be sent down the optic nerve behind the right eye into the brain but remain on the right hand side of the brain after travelling to the optic chiasm. It it then projected down the optic tract of the right side of the brain until it reaches the lateral geniculate nucleus. It then travels to the right side of the occipital lobe to the visual cortex

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15
Q

Describe the pathway of information being sent from the eye to the brain due to something being detected in the right visual space of the left eye?

A

If is it detected in the right visual space of the left eye, it will be detected on left of the retina in the left eye. The information will be sent down the optic nerve behind the left eye into the brain but stay on the left side of the brain at the optic chiasm. It it then projected down the optic tract of the left side of the brain until it reaches the Lateral geniculate nucleus. It then travels to the left side of the occipital lobe to the visual cortex

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16
Q

Describe the pathway of information being sent from the eye to the brain due to something being detected in the right visual space of the right eye?

A

If is it detected in the right visual space of the right eye, it will be detected on left of the retina in the right eye. The information will be sent down the optic nerve behind the right eye into the brain and cross over onto the right side of the brain at the optic chiasm. It it then projected down the optic tract of the left side of the brain until it reaches the Lateral geniculate nucleus. It then travels to the left side of the occipital lobe to the visual cortex

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17
Q

Does information from the nasal retina cross over or stay on the same side? What is the name for this?

A

crosses over to the other side

contralateral

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18
Q

Does information from the temporal retina cross over or stay on the same side? What is the name for this?

A

stays on the same side

ipsilateral

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19
Q

Where do axons leave the retina?

A

at the optic disc

20
Q

Where is the blind spot on the eye? Why is this?

A

at the optic disk because there are no photoreceptors at this point

21
Q

Axons from ganglion cells in the nasal retina cross at the optic chiasm to project ___________

A

contralaterally

22
Q

Axons from ganglion cells in the temporal retina do not cross at the optic chiasm to project _________

A

ipsilaterally

23
Q

Ganglion cell axons project to what four main subcortical visual areas?

A
  1. superior colliculus
  2. lateral geniculate nucleus
  3. pretectum
  4. suprachiasmatic nucleus
24
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus?

A

it is concerned with eye movements and orientation to visual stimuli

25
Q

What is the role of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

it is concerned with the sensation of vision

26
Q

What is the role the protectum?

A

control of the pupils contsricting

27
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

day and night vision (control of diurnal rhythms)

28
Q

Cells of the LGN send axons where?

A

into the visual cortex

29
Q

After processing in the visual cortex, information can be sent to what three places?

A

temporal lobe and parietal lobe

and frontal cortex

30
Q

What happens to the visual information in the temporal lobe?

A

it is used for identification of objects in the visual space (the “what”)

31
Q

What happens to the visual information in the parietal lobe?

A

it is used for processing of information regarding the location of objects in space (the “where”)

32
Q

What is information that passes to the frontal cortex used for?

A

to help direct actions

33
Q

What is sound?

A

different pressure waves in the atmosphere

34
Q

What are zones of compression?

A

areas of high pressure

35
Q

What are zones of rarefaction?

A

areas of low pressure

36
Q

areas of low pressure are called zones of what?

A

rarefaction

37
Q

Areas of high pressure are called zones of what?

A

compression

38
Q

What is a sound wave?

A

alternating zones of high and low and high pressure`

39
Q

What is the frequency of a sound wave?

A

the number of waves per second

40
Q

What does the frequency alter? What is it measured in?

A

the pitch

Hz

41
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave?

A

the height of the sound wave

42
Q

What does the amplitude change? What is it measured in?

A

the loudness

decibels

43
Q

What two things does the threshold of hearing depend on?

A

the stimulus frequency and the amplitude

44
Q

What is the normal hearing threshold? Why is this?

A

between 50Hz and 10000Hz and 0 and above decibels because this is the range of a normal human voice

45
Q

What is the amplitude of normal speech?

A

60dB

231 (41 decks)

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