Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cytoplasmic inheritance?

A

when sperm fertilizes egg, offspring inherits many things from mother thru oocyte cytoplasm

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2
Q

what does the offspring inherit from oocyte cytoplasm? (3)

A
  1. proteins
  2. mRNAs
  3. organelles
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3
Q

2 other names for cytoplasmic inheritance

A
  1. maternal inheritance
  2. extranuclear inheritance
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4
Q

where do offpsring acquire their mitochondria?

A

from the mother

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5
Q

describe the mt genome?

A

> 16,000 nt circular DNA

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6
Q

how many mt are in a cell? what does each have?

A

dozens-hundreds of mt per cell, each with multiple mtDNA copies

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7
Q

what % of cellular DNA is made of mtDNA

A

1%

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8
Q

what does mtDNA encode? is this cytoplasmic or mendelian inheritance?

A

mtDNA encodes 13 proteins and 24 rRNAs/tRNAs –> CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE

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9
Q

the proteins that mtDNA itself encodes are involved in what?

A

involved in ETC

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10
Q

how many proteins are in a mt?

A

> 1000

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11
Q

if mt only encodes 13 proteins, how are there >1000 proteins in mt?

A

encoded in nuclear genome: produced in cytoplasm then imported to nucleus

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12
Q

3 factors that affect mt genome replication

A
  1. many mtDNA are replicated within nucleoids
  2. nucleoids divide within a mt
  3. mt divide within a cell
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13
Q

what is a nucleoid?

A

protein particle that holds mtDNA

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14
Q

how does mtDNA relate to nuclear DNA?

A

INDEPENDENT

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15
Q

how many mitochondria are in oocyte vs sperm?

A

oocyte: >100,000 mt

sperm: ~100 mt

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16
Q

if sperm have mt, why are mt only inherited from the oocyte?

A

upon fertilization, all sperm mt are destroyed/consumed by oocyte via autophagy

17
Q

why are mt DNA are helpful research tool?

A

can be used as a tool to trace maternal heritage

18
Q

what is poky gene?

A

slow growth mutant when mutation in mtDNA –> maternally inherited

19
Q

what is ad gene?

A

nuclear gene –> mendelian inheritance

20
Q

what are the offspring if poky female with ad+ is crossed with WT male with ad-?

A

poky is maternally inherited, half offspring are ad+, half are ad-

21
Q

what are the offspring if WT female with ad- is crossed with poky male with ad+?

A

poky cannot be inherited bc in male, so they are WT with half ad+ and half ad-

22
Q

is maternal inheritance independent or dependent of mendelian inheritance?

A

maternal inheritance is INDEPENDENT of mendelian inheritance

23
Q

rate of mutation in mt genes vs nuclear genes

A

mt genes have 1000x greater mutation rate than nuclear genes

24
Q

2 reasons why mt genes have greater mutation rate than nuclear genes

A
  1. more frequent DNA replication
  2. no DNA repair
25
Q

what is heteroplasmy?

A

spontaneous mtDNA mutations can make WT and mutant mt populations in a cell

26
Q

what is homoplasmy?

A

cell has only WT or mutant mt population

27
Q

what proportion of ppl have disease caused by mt dysfunction?

A

1/5000 people

28
Q

describe diseases caused by mt dysfunction

A

progressive and multi-system diseases

29
Q

describe the 2 possible causes of mt dysfunction diseases

A
  1. some are autosomally inherited
  2. some are due to mtDNA mutation
30
Q

will children of an affected mother have mt disease? why?

A

ALL children of affected mother will have disease bc of maternal inheritance

(but if mother heteroplasmic, children may be normal)

31
Q

will children of an affected father have mt disease?

A

children of affected father will NEVER have disease

32
Q

how to prevent mt disease with 3-parent fertilization?

A

offspring has mother’s nuclear material and donor’s mt material