Lecture 27: Exotic Animal Ax (Exam 4) Flashcards
Describe ax in ferrets
- Ax & analgesic tech/protocols similar to dogs & cats
- Fasting is not necessary b/c they are very prone to hypoglycemia & have a really high GI transient time
- Be careful w/ sharp teeth
- S/N, insulinoma, adrenal tumors, FB, & trauma
- Monitor hypoglycemia & hypothermia
Describe ax in rodents
- Small px
- Obtain accurate BW
- Small rodents & rabbits don’t vomit so NPO not req
- Intraperitoneal injection should be considered
- Don’t use ketamine alone but can combine w/ ace or a2 agonist
- Buprenorphine can cause pica but is considered analgesic of choice in lab animals
- Morphine sedates rats but excites mice
- Increased SA to BW ratio leads to rapid cooling under as
- Use a box to give gas ax
Describe ax in rabbits
- Increased ax risk compared to dogs & cats
- Min fasting to no more than 1 H
- Impt to restrain by supporting the rump & tuck head under your arm or make a bunny burrito
- High MBR & rapid elim of drugs
- Always premed
- Don’t use ketamine alone but can combine w/ benzo, ace, or a2 agonist
- NSAIDs, opioids, & LAs are useful
- Give IM injection in quads
- Iso & sevo are typically used for maintenance
- Monitor closely for hypothermia & hypoglycemia
Describe intubation of rabbits
- Preoxygenation is a must
- Intubation is the standard of car
- Keep the head 7 neck extended in extension to prevent obstruction
- Do not persist for more than a few mins or if evidence of laryngeal edema/hemorrhage
- Can use supraglottic airway devices
- They are obligate nasal breathers so check patency of the nares & nasopharynx after extubation
What are some differences in the anatomy & physiology of birds
- There respiratory system has separate ventilator & gas exchange compartments
- Complete tracheal rings that can collapse during restraint
- No diaphragm
- Inspiration & expiration are active
- Pneumatized bones
Describe birds ax
- Apnea can occur from breathing in room air (must be treated immediately)
- HR varies by species
- Catecholamines are released during stress & pain & can cause arrhythmias
- Have a renal portal system
- Correct hypoglycemia before ax
- Use a towel to restrain them
- Give warm fluids
- Pre oxygenate for 5 mins before induction
Describe birds & ax drugs
- Avoid midazolam in macaws & cockatoos
- a2 agonists have many adverse effect so use w/ great caution
- Ketamine should not be given alone (combine w/ benzo)
- Propofol has narrow margin of safety in pigeons & chickens
- Iso or sevo can be used (more likely to cause apnea)
- NSAIDs & opioids are commonly used
Describe monitory & recovery in birds
- Monitor trends of vital sx
- Palpate pulse/doppler placement (brachial, medial, metatarsal, carotid, or palatine a)
- Place ECG close to body
- Can do indirect BP around thigh or distal humerus
- ETCO2 is useful but SpO2 is not validated in birds
- Absence of palpebral & corneal reflex = excessive depth
- Extubate when jaw tone returns
Describe ax in ungulates
- Treated like ruminants
- Ruminal tympany
- Hypothermia
- Hypoxemia
- Bloating
- Regurgitation
Describe exertional myopath
- Life threatening syndrome caused by a combo of sympathetic exhaustion from sustained stress & intense muscular exertion
- Prevent w/ limited capture time to < 2 min
- Captured wild animals should not be handled or stressed for @ least 6 W
- Mortality rate > 2% indicates ax protocol should be re evaled
What is acute death syndrome
- AKA capture shock syndrome
- Weak & depressed & remains recumbent after reversal
- Shock & death w/in 3 to 4 H
What is delayed peracute death syndrome
- Appears to be in good condition after capture
- When stressed again they will get ventricular fibrillation & cardiac arrest
What is ataxic myoglobinuric syndrome
- Ataxia, brownish urine, & usually die w/in hours or days after capture due to kidney failure following myoglobin mediated tubular destruction
- Increased CK, LDH, SGOT, & BUN
- Most common syndrome
What is rupture muscle syndrome
W/ 1 to 2 days post capture the animal is unable to support weight on the hind legs. The hocks are hyperflexed & there is increase CK, LDH, & SGOT (animal usually dies in 3 to 4 W)
What are the highlights given about zebras
Tx like equine but a more close watched drug protocol
Describe the highlights on giraffe
Highest increased ax risk
Describe the rhino highlights
Treat them like a horse and have the same issues as horses
Describe the elephant highlights
Biggest issues are the respiratory system (place them in a lateral recumbency) & Pink foam syndrome
What highlights of carnivores
Safety is the number one consideration
Describe the highlights of tigers
- Tigers have more ax complications
- Can get hyperkalemia
- Extubate them a lot sooner (pull tube when see an ear flick)
Describe the highlights of bears
- Black bear approaches are diff than polar bear diff
- Safety is the number concerns
- Think bout the time of year & how much fat they have
- Ketamine can lead to sudden recovery in brown & polar bears
Describe the highlights of fish ax
- Have no lungs but still have to have oxygenated water over the gills
- Dissolve ax in the water
- Need to be fasted
- Don’t let them dry out
- Can be removed from the water for 1 - 4 min
- SpO2 is not effective
- Use MS-222 for ax (approved by FDA)
What is one thing to remember about reptiles
- Recovery levels take a really long times
- Low O2 levels are needed in recovery
