Lecture 13 & 14: Fluid Therapy (Exam 2) Flashcards
horse blood volume
a 1000 lbs horse has approx 40 liters of blood
normal chloride levels in most species range from
90-110mEq/L
what is the primary reason 5%dextrose is given
gain access to veins
a normal 1000 lb horse has approximately _______L of blood
40
what are the two main types of fluids used in therapy
crystalloids and colloids
initial blood loss concern
removal of 10-15% of blood volume begins to cause physiological problems
________ occurs when fluids become trapped in non-exchangeable compartments
third spacing
organ priority in blood loss
heart, brain, and lungs receive priority blood flow during severe blood loss
fluid boluses should be given over at least ____ to avoid complications
5 min
critical mean arterial pressure
below 45mmHg, the circulatory system begins shutting down non essential organs
the normal hematocit threshold for blood transfusion in animals below _____ %
20
when an animal loses more than ______% of their blood volume, their survival rate drops to about 50%
50
fluid responsiveness
patients response to fluid therapy, measured through pulse variability and other indicators
__________ is an alpha -1 agonist used to treat splenic entrapment in horses
phenylephrine
fluid distribution priority
follow order: vessel-rich tissues first, then muscle groups, finally vessel-poor tissues
maximum fluid administration rate
40-60mL/kg/hour max for shock doses, higher rates may be harmful
hart Jacob hamburger
veterinarian who determined proper sodium chloride concentrations using chicken blood
__________ is used to measure fluid responsiveness in patients
pulse pressure variation
__________ solution has an osmolarity of 273, making it slightly hypotonic
lactated ringers
Sydney ringers contribution
discovered that adding calcium salt to sodium chloride improved survival in dehydrated patients
normal sodium level
approx, 150 mEq/L in most animals
an increase in body weight of more than ___-% indicated excessive fluid administration
10
Alex Hartmans innovation
added lactate to ringers solution, creating what europeans call Hartmans solution
what is the best way to administer fluids
Bolus combined with constant rate infusion
signs of excess fluid administration
Hematocrit drop >15 points or body weight increase >10%
normal blood osmolarity in most animals is approximately 300 milliosmoles per liter
300
what is the normal chloride range in most species
90-110 mEqs
what is the first organ to lose perfusion during shock is the
kidney
the _____ acts as an auto-injector of blood volume in horses
spleen
blood loss turning point
25-30%blood volume loss marks critical point where condition begins to deteriorate
what parentage of humans given colloids develop renal compromise
10%
normal saline contains _____ mEq/L of both sodium and chloride
154
optimal fluid administration method
combination of initial bolus followed by constant rate infusion (CRI) based on body weight and condition
how much blood volume can a normal 1000 lb horse lose and compensate for using its spleen
4 L
what indicates you’ve given too much fluid
Hematocrit drop > 15 points
which fluid type is currently considered “on the outs” due to potential complications
colloids
what is spawning contrappment in horses
A condition where the gut wraps around the spleen, treated with alpha-1 agonists like phenylephrine
what role does the autonomic nervous system play in blood volume regulation
helps regulate blood volume and pressure, especially through the sympathetic nervous system
which receptors are involved in vasoconstriction
Alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors
How does vasoconstriction affect veins and arteries?
vasoconstriction is more sensitive in veins, shifting blood to arteries
What effect does acepromazine have on blood pressure?
Blocks alpha-1 receptors, causing vasodilation and potentially lowering blood pressure.
Which anesthetic drugs act as vasoconstrictors
Alpha-2 agonists like xylazine and dexmedetomidine
what is hematocrit
% of RBC in blood
At what hematocrit level should blood transfusions be considered?
For humans, below 30%; for animals, around 20%
How does acute blood loss affect hematocrit readings?
Fluids dilute blood, making hematocrit levels unreliable for assessing blood loss severity.
What electrolyte imbalances can result from fluid dilution?
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia
Can kidneys tolerate low perfusion?
Yes, kidneys can tolerate low perfusion for extended periods and may recover if restore
What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids?
Crystalloids are smaller molecules, while colloids are larger and stay in the vascular compartment longer.
What are the risks of colloid administration?
Colloids can cause allergic reactions and renal compromise, especially with excessive use.
how is fluid rate measured
ml/kg/hr
What is Post-Pressure Variation (PPV)
A measure of blood pressure variability indicating fluid responsiveness
How can fluid therapy success be monitored?
By assessing hematocrit, body weight, and vital signs.
What are the goals of fluid therapy?
To restore blood volume, maintain tissue perfusion, and correct imbalances
What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) indicate?
It indicates fluid overload when elevated.
lactated ringers solution
-Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, lactate
-isotonic
-Hydration, electrolyte replacement
0.9% Saline
-sodium, chloride
-isotonic
-Hydration, electrolyte replacement
Plasma-Lyte
-Electrolyte-balanced, mimicking plasma
-isotonic
-Hydration, electrolyte replacement
dextrose
-sugar
-hypotonic
-hydration, calorie provision
hetastarch
-synthetic starch
-colloid
-volume expansion, maintain blood pressure
gelatin
-animal derived protein
-colloid
-Volume expansion, maintain blood pressure
albumin
-human-derived protein
-colloid
-Volume expansion, maintain blood pressure
hypotonic saline
-sodium, chloride
-hypotonic
-pull fluid from interstitial space
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
-sythetic hemoglobin
-colloid
-volume expansion, oxygen delivery
why give fluids
what to consider when choosing a fluid therapy
_______ does not always correspond to RA
pressure nor does it correlate or predict cardiac
output or stroke volume in response to fluid
administration.
Central Venous Pressure (cvp)
blood loss example: 0 kg Dog: 200ml Blood Loss
3:1
