Lecture 26 Neurons pt.2

Question 1

Look at parts of the brain

Answer 1

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Question 2

CNS (in vertebrates)

Answer 2

composed of the brain and spinal cord

Region specialization in a hallmark of both systems

Question 3

PNS (in vertebrates)

Answer 3

composed of nerves and ganglia

(specifically Cranial nerves, Ganglia outside CNS, Spinal nerves)
region specialization in a hallmark of both system

Question 4

Functional hierarchy of the vertebrate nervous system (chart)

Answer 4

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Question 5

What is the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 5

● transmits information to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment
● afferent neurons transmit information to the CNS, and efferent neurons transmit information away from the CNS

Question 6

2 efferent components of the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 6

● Two efferent components:
○ motor system
○ autonomic nervous system

Question 7

Motor system

Answer 7

carries signals to skeletal
muscles and can be voluntary or involuntary

Question 8

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

○ Sympathetic - regulates arousal and energy generation (“fight-or-flight” response)
○ Parasympathetic - antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and a return to “rest-and-digest” functions

Question 9

Enteric nervous system

Answer 9

exerts direct, partially independent, control over the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Question 10

Motor and autonomic nervous system pathways

Answer 10

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Question 11

Parasympathetic division and sympathetic division

Answer 11

side 9

Question 12

Stress and the adrenal gland

Answer 12

(a) Stress response and the adrenal medulla
(b) Stress response and the adrenal cortex

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Question 13

A reflex

Answer 13

● A reflex is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus
–For example, a doctor uses a mallet to trigger a knee-jerk reflex

● The spinal cord conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic patterns of locomotion
● The spinal cord also produces reflexes
independently of the brain

Question 14

The knee-jerk reflex

Answer 14

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Question 15

Nervous system disorders

Answer 15

● Schizophrenia
● Depression
● Drug addiction
● Alzheimer’s disease
● Parkinson’s disease

Question 16

Effects of addictive drugs on the reward system

Answer 16

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Question 17

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 17

● Mental deterioration (dementia) characterized by confusion and memory loss
● The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease increases with age
● It is associated with formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
● There is also massive shrinkage of brain tissue, reflecting the death of neurons in many areas of the brain

Question 18

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 18

● Motor disorder
● death of dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain
● characterized by muscle tremors, flexed posture, and a shuffling gait
● The incidence increases with advancing age
● A dopamine-related drug called L-dopa can reduce the severity of Parkinson’s disease symptoms