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Pob 1 > Lecture 24 Hormones and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Hormones and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Coordination and control: Endocrine system

A

● The endocrine system releases
signaling molecules called hormones
into the bloodstream
● A hormone may affect one or more
regions throughout the body
● Hormones are relatively slow acting,
but can have long-lasting effects

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid

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3
Q

Exocrine glands

A

have ducts and which secrete substances onto body surfaces or into cavities

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4
Q

Exocrine system anatomy

A

eyes (tears), Mouth(saliva), skin(sweat, sebum), stomach (enzymes), Breasts (milk), Liver (bile), Pancreas( juices), intestines (mucus)

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5
Q

intercellular communication

A
  1. cells that send the signal
  2. only cells expressing the receptor can perceive the signal
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6
Q

Intercellular communication (secreted signals) how is it classified

A

Communication between animal cells
through secreted signals can be
classified by two criteria:
1. The route taken by the signal in
reaching its target
2. The type of secreting cell

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7
Q

types of cell signaling

A

● endocrine ● paracrine ● autocrine ● synaptic ● neuroendocrine

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8
Q

Paracrine versus Autocrine signaling

A

slide 13

In paracrine signaling, the target cells lie near the
secreting cells.
In autocrine signaling, the target cell is also the
secreting cell.

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9
Q

Local regulators

A

molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion
(paracrine and autocrine)

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10
Q

paracrine signaling

A

the target cells lie near the secreting cells

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11
Q

autocrine signaling

A

the target cells is also the secreting cell

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12
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

● Hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream.
● Endocrine signaling maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, and regulates growth and development.

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13
Q

Neuroendocrine signalling

A

In neuroendocrine signaling, specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that diffuse from nerve endings into the bloodstream (slide 16 and 17)

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14
Q

Intercellular communication by secreted molecules

A

slide 18

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15
Q

Pancreas: insulin

A

slide 19

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16
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

slide 20

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17
Q

signaling by pheromones

A

used by some animals to commumicate, pheromones are chemicals that are released into the environment

Pheromones serve many functions, including marking trails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting potential mates

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18
Q

Endocrine signaling - hormones

A

● Hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream.
● Endocrine signaling maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, and regulates growth and development.

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19
Q

Endocrine signaling: hormones what are they?

A

● The endocrine system transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.
● A hormone may affect one or more regions throughouthe body.
● Hormones are relatively slow acting, but can have long-lasting effects.

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20
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

polypeptides, steroids, and amines

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21
Q

What do poplypeptides and (most) amines have in common?

A

They are water - soluble

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22
Q

what do Steroid hormones and otehr largely non-polar hormones have in common?

A

they are lipid - soluble

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23
Q

classes of hormones

A

slide 26
polypeptide=water soluable
steroids=lipid soluable
amines=both

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24
Q

Receptor localization in the receiving cell

A

slide 30

water soluable receptor= on cellular membrane
lipid soluable receptor= inside nucleus

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25
Q

How steroid hormone receptors work

A

slide 31 and 32

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26
Q

Water- vs. lipid-soluble hormones

A

slide 33

27
Q

Transmembrane receptors are on the cell surface (steps of activation)

A

1.Signal reception
2. Signal transduction
3. Cellular response
(slide 34)

28
Q

Crosstalk and specificity

A

Crosstalk between signaling pathways allows for nuanced/integrated responses to complex combinations of stimuli
(slide 35)

29
Q

Epinephrine:Second messengers

A

slide 36

30
Q

Epinephrine: Second messengers

A

slide 37

31
Q

Principle

A

a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning.

32
Q

Endocrine signaling review

A

slide 39

33
Q

Human endocrine glands and their hormones.

A

slide 41

34
Q

What are Endocrine glands

A

Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless organs call endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and parathyroid glands and testes or ovaries.

NOTE: Some endocrine glands produce several hormones

35
Q

Simple Endocrine Pathways

A

● Endocrine cells respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus
● Hormones are secreted from an endocrine cell
● Hormones travel through the bloodstream
● Hormones interact with specific receptors within a target cell
● Consequence - physiological response

36
Q

Simple Endocrine Pathways (secretion of secretin)

A

slide 44

37
Q

Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways

A

● A sensory neuron respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus
● Stimulation of a neurosecretory cell
● Neurohormones are secreted from an neurosecretory cell
● Neurohormones travel through the bloodstream
● Interact with specific receptors within a target cell
● Consequence - physiological response

38
Q

Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways (secretion of oxytocin)

A

slide 46

39
Q

Hypothalamus (vertebrates)

A

receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system

40
Q

Pituitary glands (vertebrates)

A

it is attached to the hypothalamus and is composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

41
Q

what are the two pituitary glands?

A

posterior pituitary (PP)
anterior pituitary (AP)

42
Q

Posterior pituitary (PP)

A

stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus.

43
Q

Anterior pituitary (AP)

A

makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

44
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

slide 49 and 50

45
Q

Homeostasis: Osmolarity

A

● Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus monitor blood osmolarity and regulate release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
● When osmolarity rises above its set point, ADH release into the bloodstream increases.
● When osmolarity drops below a set point, it causes a reduction in ADH secretion.

46
Q

Homeostasis: Osmolarity cycle

A

slide 52

47
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

slide 53 and 54

48
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

slide 55

49
Q

Hormone cascades

A

● Sets of hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and a target endocrine gland are often organized into a hormone cascade.
● The anterior pituitary hormones in these
pathways are called tropic hormones.

indirectly affect target cells by first stimulating other endocrine glands.

50
Q

The reproductive cycles of the human male

A

slide 57

51
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Y- chromosome
● Testosterone
● AMH (antimullerian hormone)

52
Q

Thyroid hormone secretion

A

slide 60

53
Q

Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress

A

● The adrenal glands are located atop the kidneys.
● Each adrenal gland consists of two glands: the adrenal medulla (inner portion) and adrenal cortex (outer portion).

54
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

55
Q

Adrenenal cortex

A

secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

56
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

slide 64

57
Q

The adrenal cortex

A

● The adrenal cortex becomes active under stressful conditions including low blood sugar, decreased blood volume and
pressure, and shock.
● A series of hormonal signals lead to production and secretion of a family of steroids called corticosteroids.
● Humans produce two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoidsand mineralocorticoids.

58
Q

corticosteroids

A

a series of hormonal signals lead to production and secretion of a family of steroids

59
Q

The Role of the Adrenal Medulla

A

● The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
● They coordinate a set of physiological responses that comprise the “fight-or-flight” response.

60
Q

Stress and the adrenal cortex

A

slide 67

61
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Rapid response to stress

fight or flight

62
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine: multiple effects

A

● Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood.
● Increase oxygen delivery to body cells.
● Direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys.

63
Q

Epinephrine: Second messengers

A

slide 71

64
Q

Epinephrine: one hormone, different effects

A

slide 72

Pob 1 (10 decks)

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