Lecture 26

Question 1

What is a vaccine?

Answer 1

A way of inducing protective immunological memory without causing disease

Question 2

Immunisation occurs when…

Answer 2

Immunisation occurs when a vaccine has been successfully delivery

Question 3

What are the 4 types of vaccines?

Answer 3

1. live, weakened (attenuated)
2. inactivated virus or killed bacteria
3. subunit vaccines: recombinant protein antigen, capsular polysaccharides, inactivated toxins (toxoids)
4. recombinant vector and DNA vaccines

Question 4

What are the 3 routes of vaccination used in NZ?

Answer 4

Oral- (rotarix for polio)

Intramuscular

Intradermal

Question 5

When are boosters required?

Answer 5

When using an inactivated vaccine or a subunit vaccine. This is because the immune system will respond to the small amount of antigen before it leaves the body, creating a small population of memory immune cells in response. When it is re-introduced as a booster there is a larger response (and then again if 3 are required).

Question 6

Why do you not need a booster when given a live vaccine?

Answer 6

Because the pathogen is multiplying in the body therefore there are large amounts of antigen for the body to respond to.

Question 7

What are the 7 possible routes of vaccination?

Answer 7

Intranasal

Oral

Intramuscular

Intraperitoneal

Aerosolized

Intradermal

Intravenous

Question 8

Why are adjuvants important for vaccines?

Answer 8

They stimulate the innate immune response through PPR

Question 9

Why is Al³⁺ a good adjuvant?

Answer 9

It stimulates the inflammasome by acting as a DAMP rather than a PAMP

Question 10

What is herd immunity?

Answer 10

When most people in the community are immune to a particular disease. This prevents the people who aren’t immunised as the disease cannot spread through the community. This required a very high % of the population to be immune.

Question 11

What 7 viral diseases are prevented due to vaccines in NZ?

Answer 11

1. hepatitis B
2. measles
3. mumps
4. rubella
5. human papillomavirus (HPV)
6. poliomyelitis (polio)
7. rotavirus

Question 12

What 5 bacterial diseases are prevented due to vaccines in NZ?

Answer 12

1. diptheria
2. tetanus
3. whooping cough (pertussis)
4. haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB)
5. pneumococcal disease

Question 13

What are some reasons people dont vaccinate?

Answer 13

That one idiot who falsified that study about the MMR vaccine and autism

Having to travel to get to the vaccine

Worrying about adverse reactions

Thinking that vaccines do nothing bc theres none of the disease in the community

Not wanting to give so many vaccines in a short space of time (stupid bc the schedule is there for a reason smh)

Question 14

What are 8 reasons for adverse reactions to vaccines?

Answer 14

1. weakend pathogens reverting to wild type (e.g. Polio)
2. killed organisms not properly killed (e.g. Polio)
3. wrong organism used (e.g. Lubek disaster)
4. contamination by animal viruses (e.g. early rotavirus vaccine)
5. allergic reaction to egg proteins (e.g. flu vaccine)
6. immunodeficiency (e.g. BCG lymphadenitis)
7. local inflammation/pain/fever (most vaccines)
8. wrong immune response induced (e.g. FI-RSV vaccine trial)