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MICR223 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PAMP on flagellated bacteria?

A

Flagellin

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2
Q

What is the PAMP on gram -ve bacteria?

A

Lipopollysaccharides

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3
Q

What is the PAMP on gram positive bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What is the PAMP on the surface of fungi?

A

Zymosan

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5
Q

What is the PAMP on viruses?

A

ssRNA

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of Pattern Recognition Receptors?

A

Toll like receptors (TLR)

NOD like receptors (NLR)

Rig-I like receptors (RLR)

C-type lectin receptors (CLR)

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7
Q

True or false: Pattern recognition receptors can only recognise one type of PAMP

A

False: Receptors can recognise more than one PAMP

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8
Q

Where are three places that pattern recognition receptors are located?

A

On the cytosolic membrane

On the endosomes (vesicles)

In the cytoplasm

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9
Q

True or false: toll like receptors are only conserved in primates and were first discovered in humans

A

False: Evolutionarily conserved throughout evolution and were first discovered in Drosophila

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10
Q

What are the two main Rig-I like receptors? Where are they located? What do they recognise?

A

RIG-I and MDA5

Intracytoplasmic

Recognise dsRNA

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11
Q

What do G-type lectin receptors bind to?

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

Describe the two TLR signalling pathways responding to gram -ve bacteria and what the outcomes are

A
  1. TLR4 receptor recognises LPS on gram -ve bacteria. Adaptor molecule MyD88 causes downstream effects which causes the release of an inhibitor from the transcription factor NFKB. NFKB turns on gene expression to produce inflammatory cytokines- IL6, TNF, IL1, IL8
  2. TLR4 receptor recognises LPS on gram -ve bacteria. Adaptor molecules Mal and TRIF cause downstream effects to cause:
    a. NFKB to be released and turn on expression of inflam cytokines
    b. IRF3 release to turn gene expression of inflam cytokines- IFNalpha and IFNbeta.
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13
Q

What transcription factors are activated when Rig-I like receptors bind dsRNA?

A

NFKB and IRF3

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14
Q

What type of receptor recognises danger/non-danger?

A

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

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15
Q

Where are NOD-like receptors located in the cell?

A

Cytosol

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16
Q

What do NOD-like receptors recognise?

A

Viruses and bacteria

17
Q

NOD-like receptors recognise:

a. Pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
b. Danger associated molecular patters (DAMPs)
c. Both DAMPs and PAMPs
d. none of the above

A

c. Both DAMPs and PAMPs

18
Q

What are 4 examples of DAMPs? What do they all mean?

A

Microbial peptides

Crystals

Molecules from dying cells

Molecules from stressed cells

All indicate that cells are under attack

19
Q

Why is there aluminium in vaccines?

A

Aluminium activates the inflammasome

20
Q

Why does gout have so much inflammation as a symptom of the disease?

A

Uric acid crystal build up in the joints. The crystals activate the inflammasome which causes the intense inflammation

21
Q

Why is the inflammasome a target for autoimmune diseases?

A

Many autoimmune diseases cause lots of inflammation. Want to decrease this inflammation= target the inflammasome

22
Q

What is NLRP and why and how is it created in response to PAMPs?

A

NLRP is a subunit of the inflammasome. When transcription factors NFKB are turned on, one of the genes it activates to be expressed is the NLRP gene. This is a ‘just incase’ response incase DAMPs are recognised and the inflammasome is required.

23
Q

What is the structure of the inflammasome? What is the function of the three parts?

A

Top part: NLRP- the part that recognises danger

Middle part: structural proteins ASC and Cardinal

Bottom part: Capsase, the action part that cleaves the pro-interleukens

24
Q

What are the two pre-cursor cytokines that are expressed in response to danger?

A

Pro-IL1

pro-IL18

25
Q

Why do the precursor cytokines need to be cleaved before they’re able to work?

A

Bc these are the big boy cytokines that cause heaps of damage. This is a regulatory step to prevent uneccessary damage caused by inflammation

26
Q

How good is the immune response with

  • PAMPs alone?
  • PAMPs and DAMPs?
A

PAMPs- good response

DAMPs too- amazing response

MICR223 (18 decks)

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