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MICR223 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Are cytokines

soluble/insoluble

intraceullular/intercellular signalling molecules

Act enzymatically/non-enzymatically

act through non specific/specific receptors

found in u and mmol concentrations/pico and nanomol concentrations

pleotropic/highly specific

A

soluble

interceullular signalling molecules

act non-enzymatically

through specific receptors

are found in pico/nanomol concentrations

pleotropic

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2
Q

What are three pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNFalpha

IL-6

IL-1beta

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3
Q

What are two antiinflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-10

TGFbeta

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4
Q

How is a fever induced when theres an infection?

A

Cytokines are exogenous pyrogen and increase the thermoregulatory set-point in the hypothalamus.

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5
Q

What is the effect of pro-inflam cytokines on other pro-inflam cytokines?

A

They up-regulate the synthesis of other pro-inflam cytokines in a positive feedback loop. If there was no regulation it would always be increasing.

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6
Q

Do cytokines stimulate or inhibit the production of acute phase proteins? Why?

A

Stimulate. Acute phase proteins are produced in the liver and change the blood vessel vascularity which makes it easier for immune cells to move in and out of blood

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7
Q

What impact to cytokines have on inflammatory cells?

A

Cytokines attract inflammatory cells in a positive feedback loop.

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8
Q

What are cytokine storms? What are two reasons for them?

A

Cytokine storms are unregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

caused by 1. a massive stimulation signal

  1. the inability to turn off the immune response
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9
Q

What do cytokine storms do to the body?

A

Causes local edema due to vasodilation, a massive efflux of fluids out of the blood and into the tissues. This causes severe swelling and a large decrease in blood pressure. Causes septic shock (extrememly low blood pressure) which kills 30% of patients.

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10
Q

When do anti-inflammatory cytokines act?

A

After the pathogen has cleared

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11
Q

What is the function of IL-10?

A

IL-12 inhibits cytokine release by macrophages and stops the production of TNF.

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12
Q

What is the immediate effect of cytokines on the liver and what is the outcome?

A

Immediate- production of acute phase proteins

Outcome- complement activation

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13
Q

What is the immediate effect of cytokines on the bone marrow and what is the outcome?

A

immediate- mobilisation of neutrophils

outcomes- phagocytosis

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14
Q

What is the immediate effect of cytokines on the brain and what is the outcome?

A

Immediate- increase in body temperature

Outcome- Decreased viral and bacterial replication

  • increased antigen processing
  • increased specific immune response
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15
Q

What is the immediate effect of cytokines on the muscles and what is the outcome?

A

Immediate- protein and energy mobilisation

  • increased body temperature

Outcome-

  • Decreased viral and bacterial replication
  • increased antigen processing
  • increased specific immune response
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16
Q

When immune cells migrate to the lymph node, what does the lymph node do to help fight infection?

A

Starts an adaptive immune response

17
Q

What is the effect of chemokines at the site of infection?

A

Attract cells to the wound site and stimulate and sustain the inflammatory response

18
Q

Why are chemokines produced by cells?

A

They’re produced in response to infection or damage

19
Q

What is one similarity between chemokines and cytokines and what are three differences?

A

Similarity- bind to specific surface receptors

Differences- 1. chemokines are less pleotropic (more specific)

  1. usually dont induce other chemokines
  2. more specialised functions in inflammation and repair
20
Q

Chemokine CXCL8

produced by what cells

receptors

cells attracted

major effects

A

produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells

receptors are CXR1 and CXR2

Cells attracted are neutrophils and naive T cells

Major effects: mobilises, activates, and degranulates neutrophils. Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)

21
Q

What is the overall function of CXCL8?

A

Inflammation response initiation and repair

22
Q

What is the overall funciton of CCL2?

A

Sustain the inflammation response

23
Q

Chemokine CCL2

produced by what cells

receptors

cells attracted

major effects

A

produced by macrophages, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, monocytes

receptor is CCR2

cells attracted are monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, basophils and dendritic cells

Major effects- activates macrophages and causes histamine release

MICR223 (18 decks)

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