Lecture 26

Question 1

Sponges Have True Tissues:

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Phylum: Echinodermata: Consist of What?

Answer 2

Sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.

Question 3

Echinodermata: Symmetry lasts for how long

Answer 3

Bilaterally Symmertical as larae but not as adults.

Question 4

How do Echinodermata move?

Answer 4

Move using “tube feet” and sending what to propulse.

Question 5

Chordates: Share what

Answer 5

All chordates share the same derived sets of characters though some only show traits during embryonic development.

Question 6

Early Chordate Evolution: What are some traits?

Answer 6

Notochord: Flexible rod that provides support.
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: Develops into the brain and spinal cord.
Pharyngeal Slits (pharyngeal clefts) that function in suspension feeding, as gills, or as parts of the head.
Muscular tail: That extends posterior to the anus.

Question 7

If an animal doesn’t possess a hollow nerve cord they have:

Answer 7

A ventral solid nerve cord.

Question 8

Early Chordate Evolution:

Answer 8

Extant groups of chordates that diverged early in chordate evolution include lancelets and tunicates.

Question 9

What are Lancelets:

Answer 9

Blade-shaped like the generalized chordate.

Question 10

What are Tunicates:

Answer 10

Display key chordate traits during their larval stage.

Question 11

Differences between Lancelets and Tunicates: Main one?

Answer 11

Unlike the lancelets and tunicates, vertebrates have a backbone, a skull, and a well-defined head with a brain and sensory organs.

Question 12

What is the scientific classification of a jawed vertebrate?

Answer 12

Gnathostomes. There are many more jawed vertebrates than living jawless vertebrates.

Question 13

Cyclostomes (hagfishes and lampreys):

Answer 13

Jawless fish species, similar lifestyles in terms of ecology.

Question 14

Cyclostomes (hagfishes and lampreys): Comprise of:

Answer 14

Simple organisms that lack features of other vertebrates.

Question 15

What does Anadromous mean:

Answer 15

Describing a fish that goes up rivers from the sea in order to spawn.

Question 16

Sharks, Rays, And Chimaeras: Otherwise filed under class? How many species?

Answer 16

Chondrichthyes, 1,000 species.

Question 17

Ray-finned fishes, sharks, and rays: Similarities to fish evolution? Shown by how?

Answer 17

Broke off early in fish evolution. Most fish are bony fishes, as sharks and rays don’t have bones instead they have cartilaginous skeletons.

Question 18

When were Coelocanths rediscovered?

Answer 18

1938 in the Indian Ocean.

Question 19

Who are the Coelocanths closer related to? Fish or tetrapods?

Answer 19

Coelocanths are closer related to tetrapods and humans than other fish.

Question 20

Terrestrial Vertebrates: Major event in the colonization of land.

Answer 20

The evolution of limbs feet to lobe-fins gave rise to the amphibians.

Question 21

Origin of Tetrapods: First ancestor finished skeleton of a fishapod?

Answer 21

Tikataalik. Had both fish and tetrapod characteristics

Question 22

What do the “fishapod” have?

Answer 22

Fins, gills, lungs, and scales.
Ribs to breathe air and support it’s weight.
A neck + shoulder bones.
Fins with a bone pattern.

Question 23

Evolution of Fins:

Answer 23

Became progressively more limb-like leading to the development of tetrapods.

Question 24

Terrestrial Vertebrates: Characteristics

Answer 24

Four limbs support a tetrapod’s weight on land.
Feet with digits for walking.
Neck with vertebrae for independent head movement.
The development of the pelvic girdle to connect the hind legs to the backbone.

Question 25

Types of Amphibians:

Answer 25

Salamanders “tailed ones”: Class Urodela
Frogs “tailless ones”: Class Anura
Caecillians “legless ones” Classs apoda

Question 26

Amphibians Traits:

Answer 26

Restricted to damp habitats.
The skin must be kept moist to facilitate gas exhange.
Their eggs lack a shell and desiccation (removal of moisutre).

Question 27

Declining Amphibian Populations Are Being Caused By What?

Answer 27

Over the past 30 years a disease-causing chytrid fungus, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution.

Question 28

What Are Amniotes:

Answer 28

Colonized a more extensive range of dry habitats than amphibians.
Tetrapods whose living members include reptiles and mammals.

Question 29

Parts of the Amniotic Egg: Allantois

Answer 29

A disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes produced by the embryo.

Question 30

Parts of the Amniotic Egg: Amnion

Answer 30

Protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock.

Question 31

Parts of the Amniotic Egg: Chorion

Answer 31

The chorion and the membrane of the allantois exchange gases between the embryo and the air.

Question 32

Parts of the Amniotic Egg: Yolk Sac

Answer 32

The yolk sac contains the yolk, a stockpile of nutrients, Other nutrients are stored in the albumen.

Question 33

Amniotes: Key adaptions

Answer 33

The use of a rib cage to ventilate their lungs, no longer need to breathe through the skin. Meaning skins can become less permeable allowing for water conservation.

Question 34

When did Birds Evolve:

Answer 34

160 Million years ago.

Question 35

Advantages of flying reptiles.

Answer 35

Escaping earthbound predators. scavenging and hunting.
Enabled long-distance migration for seasonal feeding and breeding.