Lecture 22 Flashcards
Alternation of Generations: What two multicellular forms can all land plants exist in? (They alternate between forms every generation in a life cycle.)
Sporophyte and Gametophyte
What’s the Major Groups of Plants:
Bryophytes, Seedless Vasuclar Plants, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
What are Bryophytes: Basal Plants
They are represented today by three small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:
1) Liverworts,
2) Mosses,
3) Hornworts,
Vascular Tissue: What’s its function
Specialized for the transport of water and nutrients in plants.
Non-vascular Tissue: What’s its function
Plant’s that don’t have vascular tubes rely on diffusion and osmosis.
Instead its tissue focuses on the transportation of internal water.
Root-like structures found in Bryophytes
Rhizoids: Help anchor bryophytes to the substrate.
Where are Bryophytes limited to:
Moist habitats because their flagellated sperm needs to swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg.
Ecological Importance of Mosses:
Inhabit diverse/extreme environments
Keeps nitrogen in the soil.
Sphagnum/”peat moss” forms extensive deposits of decaying organic material, huge global reservoir of organic carbon.
Evolution of Roots and Leaves
Seedless vascular plants were abundant in the carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago).
What anchors vascular plants and enables them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil?
Roots
The primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants?
Leaves
Seedless Vascular Plants: Can be divided into two clades
Lycophytes and Monilophytes
Lycophytes: What are they
Club mossess and their relatives
Monilophytes: What are they
Ferns and their relatives
How do Seedless Vascular Plants Need to Reproduce:
They still need moisture for sperm to swim to egg.
Vascular transport in Xylem and Phloem: What is Xylem? Its Function?
Xylem: Conducts most of the water and minerals. Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support.
Vascular transport in Xylem and Phloem: What is Pholem? Its Function?
Phloem: Consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.
Ecological Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants:
Helped to produce global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period.
Decaying plants became our fossil fuel in the modern era.
When did Seeds Come About: What is a seed?
Seeded plants originated about 360 million years ago.
A seed consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat.
Seeds are dispersed by wind or other means.
Extant Seed Plants Are Divided Into Two Clades: What Are They?
Gymnosperms: “Naked” seeds that are not enclosed in chambers.
Angiosperms: Have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries.
What is a Flower? What Type of Plants Grow These Structures?
A flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction.
Many species are pollinated by insects or other animals, while some species are wind-pollinated
What is the stamen?
A stamen consists of a stalk called a filament, with a sac called an anther where the pollen is produced in a flower.
What is a carpel?
The carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received.
What is the Ovary?
The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.
Ovules are the female egg cell.
Pistil is the ovule producing part of the flower.
What is the Ovary?
The ovary contains one or more ovules. A mature ovary is a fruit.
Seeds develop from the ovules after fertilization.
How do fruit form?
After an angiosperm is fertilized its ovary wall thickens a matures to form a fruit.
The fruit helps to protect the seeds of the flower.
