Lecture 22

Question 1

Alternation of Generations: What two multicellular forms can all land plants exist in? (They alternate between forms every generation in a life cycle.)

Answer 1

Sporophyte and Gametophyte

Question 2

What’s the Major Groups of Plants:

Answer 2

Bryophytes, Seedless Vasuclar Plants, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

Question 3

What are Bryophytes: Basal Plants

Answer 3

They are represented today by three small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:
1) Liverworts,
2) Mosses,
3) Hornworts,

Question 4

Vascular Tissue: What’s its function

Answer 4

Specialized for the transport of water and nutrients in plants.

Question 5

Non-vascular Tissue: What’s its function

Answer 5

Plant’s that don’t have vascular tubes rely on diffusion and osmosis.
Instead its tissue focuses on the transportation of internal water.

Question 6

Root-like structures found in Bryophytes

Answer 6

Rhizoids: Help anchor bryophytes to the substrate.

Question 7

Where are Bryophytes limited to:

Answer 7

Moist habitats because their flagellated sperm needs to swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg.

Question 8

Ecological Importance of Mosses:

Answer 8

Inhabit diverse/extreme environments
Keeps nitrogen in the soil.
Sphagnum/”peat moss” forms extensive deposits of decaying organic material, huge global reservoir of organic carbon.

Question 9

Evolution of Roots and Leaves

Answer 9

Seedless vascular plants were abundant in the carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago).

Question 10

What anchors vascular plants and enables them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil?

Answer 10

Roots

Question 11

The primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants?

Answer 11

Leaves

Question 12

Seedless Vascular Plants: Can be divided into two clades

Answer 12

Lycophytes and Monilophytes

Question 13

Lycophytes: What are they

Answer 13

Club mossess and their relatives

Question 14

Monilophytes: What are they

Answer 14

Ferns and their relatives

Question 15

How do Seedless Vascular Plants Need to Reproduce:

Answer 15

They still need moisture for sperm to swim to egg.

Question 16

Vascular transport in Xylem and Phloem: What is Xylem? Its Function?

Answer 16

Xylem: Conducts most of the water and minerals. Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support.

Question 17

Vascular transport in Xylem and Phloem: What is Pholem? Its Function?

Answer 17

Phloem: Consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.

Question 18

Ecological Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants:

Answer 18

Helped to produce global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period.
Decaying plants became our fossil fuel in the modern era.

Question 19

When did Seeds Come About: What is a seed?

Answer 19

Seeded plants originated about 360 million years ago.
A seed consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat.
Seeds are dispersed by wind or other means.

Question 20

Extant Seed Plants Are Divided Into Two Clades: What Are They?

Answer 20

Gymnosperms: “Naked” seeds that are not enclosed in chambers.
Angiosperms: Have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries.

Question 21

What is a Flower? What Type of Plants Grow These Structures?

Answer 21

A flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction.
Many species are pollinated by insects or other animals, while some species are wind-pollinated

Question 22

What is the stamen?

Answer 22

A stamen consists of a stalk called a filament, with a sac called an anther where the pollen is produced in a flower.

Question 23

What is a carpel?

Answer 23

The carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received.

Question 24

What is the Ovary?

Answer 24

The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.
Ovules are the female egg cell.
Pistil is the ovule producing part of the flower.

Question 25

What is the Ovary?

Answer 25

The ovary contains one or more ovules. A mature ovary is a fruit.
Seeds develop from the ovules after fertilization.

Question 26

How do fruit form?

Answer 26

After an angiosperm is fertilized its ovary wall thickens a matures to form a fruit.
The fruit helps to protect the seeds of the flower.