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ESSHP: Section 2 > Lecture 24: Palaeolithic to Neolithic > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Palaeolithic to Neolithic Flashcards

1
Q

What was the result of the Morwood et al. (2004) study?

A

Discovery of a new hominin species

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2
Q

Where did the evidence for the new hominin species identified by Morwood et al. (2004) come from?

A

Liang Bua limestone cave in Indonesia

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3
Q

What did the evidence found by Morwood et al. (2004) consist of?

A

9 individuals and 1 complete skull

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4
Q

How tall was the hominin species identified by Morwood et al. (2004) and what was it called? What was it nicknamed?

A

3ft 7in - it was called Homo Floresiensis but nicknamed hobbit

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5
Q

How old was the discovery by Morwood et al. (2004)?

A

12kya from radiocarbon dating but more revised stratigraphy research has suggested 50kya

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6
Q

What slight evidence was there for the homo floresiensis in the locale before?

A

There was folk tales

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7
Q

What have critics to Morwood et al.’s (2004) discovery claimed it is?

A

Human with dwarfism or possibly down syndrome

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8
Q

When does the denisovan hominin date back to?

A

41kya

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9
Q

How much of Melanesian and Australia aboriginal DNA is shared with the Denisovan hominin?

A

3-5%

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10
Q

What is the Denisovan hominin?

A

An as far unclassified hominin type. It is genetically distinct from the AMH and Neanderthals. However it does share a common ancestor with Neanderthals and it is thought that it may have evolved by breeding with AMH

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11
Q

What are the different nicknames for the different stages of the stone age: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic?

A

Stone Age
Palaeolithic: old stone age
Mesolithic: middle stone age
Neolithic: new stone age

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12
Q

What is the Palaeolithic defined as?

A

The use of stone tools by hominin

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13
Q

How many stages is the Palaeolithic divided in to?

A

3 - lower, middle and upper

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14
Q

What does the lower Palaeolithic predate?

A

homo sapien and homo habilis

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15
Q

What does the middle Palaeolithic consist of?

A

homo sapiens and other ancestors and related human taxa

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16
Q

When was the earliest evidence of hominins in the UK discovered? Where was it found?

A

2013 Norfolk, Britain

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17
Q

What was the earliest evidence of hominins discovered in Britain and how old?

A

footprints discovered on a 990-780kya old floodplain in Norfolk

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18
Q

What is the age context of the earliest evidence of hominins found in Britain?

A

They are the oldest dated footprints outside of Africa

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19
Q

What was the earliest evidence of hominins before that which was discovered in Norfolk in 2013? (Study, evidence, location, date)

A

Parfitt et al. (2005) which uncovered stone tools at Pakefield Suffolk dated back to 700 kya

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20
Q

What was the limitation of the evidence found by Parfitt et al. (2005) at Suffolk?

A

There were no hominin remains found so they were probably the tools of a homo antecessor not ancestor

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21
Q

How was the 2013 earliest evidence for hominins gathered?

A

Analysing magnetic reversal bands with the law of superposition and other glacial deposits

22
Q

What did the stone tools collected by Parfitt et al. (2005) in Suffolk consist of?

A

Flint Percussion flakes associated with handaxe industries

23
Q

What MIS would the evidence collected by Parfitt et al. (2005) be within?

A

MIS 17

24
Q

What was used along Parfitt et al.’s (2005) discovery of stone tools to determine the occurrence of interglacials? How did it work?

A

Vole Clock - during glacial periods the voles move away from that now unsuitable area (in this case British Isles) to somewhere that is suitable. They evolve and change in this area then come back to the initial place. This change in the fossil record of voles in the place that underwent the glacial changes will therefore mark a new interglacial stage

25
Q

What discovery was made prior to the Parfitt et al. (2005) in terms of stone tools?

A

Between 1982-96 there was an excavation at Boxgrove, West Sussex in which hundreds of handaxes, megafauna, and percussion flints were found.

26
Q

When were the hundreds of tools excavated from Boxgrove dated to? What MIS would this have occurred within?

A

500kya MIS 13

27
Q

What was also found in the excavation at Boxgrove?

A

Cut marks on bones indicating evidence of butchery. the oldest hominin REMAIN (not evidence) within the British Isles which is a tibia bone from a heidelbergensis

28
Q

What was the ‘Swanscombe Woman’ and when was it dated to?

A

thought to be a 400kya Home Erectus but there is uncertainty surrounding its dating and whether or not it is actually a homo erectus

29
Q

What human remain was found in 1927 and what is it dated to? What uncertainty is there?

A

Neanderthal Jaw with teeth still intact it was dated back to 42kya. Some believe that it is actually a sapien jaw

30
Q

What revolution took place between 35-40kya?

A

Cultural revolution

31
Q

What first evidence is there for the cultural revolution?

A

Swabian Alb region of Germany in 2008 found the first human depiction of the human female form in a sculpture of mammoth ivory

32
Q

What sculpture was found which was further and later evidence for the cultural revolution? How old was it dated to?

A

Near to first place of discovery, there was the discovery of a Lion Man which is thought to be the first anthromorphic animal carving. 32kya age

33
Q

What was the anthromorphic carving made with and how tall was it?

A

flint tools and it was 11 inches tall

34
Q

What was found in 2008 at the same site as the Lion Man sculpture?

A

First musical instrument discovered

35
Q

What was the first musical instrument dated to and made out of?

A

vulture’s wing or mute swan bone or mammoth ivory. Dated to 41-42kya

36
Q

What was interesting about the musical instrument that was found?

A

Featured the pentatonic scale

37
Q

Why were humans not present during the upper Palaeolithic?

A

because of the last glacial maximum extent.

38
Q

Where does evidence for hominin recolonization after the Upper Palaeolithic come from and when was it dated?

A

Goughs cave using radiocarbon dating - dated to 14.7kya

39
Q

How were the hominins able to persist through the Bolling-Allerod interstadial after the recolonization of last glacial maximum?

A

Hidden in Goughs Cave and then adopted a hunter gatherer lifestyle which would have benefited from abundance of prey and the Cheddar Gorge nearby is an ideal ambush location

40
Q

What evidence did they find in Goughs Cave for cannibalism after the recolonization?

A

Human forearm engraved with zig-zags and broken open to extract marrow. There were also teeth marks in skulls.

41
Q

What suggestions were there that cannibalism was not simply born out from a need to survive?

A

Skull caps for ritual and ceremonial purposes

42
Q

Describe the first believe to be Britons?

A

Cheddar Man - dark to black skin and blue eyes

43
Q

What evidence was there for Cheddar Man?

A

DNA analysis of evidence within Goughs cave and more recent sources

44
Q

What is hypothesized about the light skin gene in Europe?

A

it spread throughout the continent much later than previously thought

45
Q

When was the first evidence of construction and settlement and where?

A

12-10kya in Middle East

46
Q

What did more evidence from Goughs Cave suggest occurred within the Mesolithic?

A

between 10.5-6kya there was thought to be a period of dramatic technological advancement

47
Q

What technology was developed in the advancement between 10.5-6kya?

A

Stone industry, microlithic flaked tools, blades, nets, baskets, creels, boats, paddles and sleds

48
Q

What nutritional/lifestyle changes took place within the Mesolithic?

A

Hunting and gathering remained but there was a broader diet breadth with seasonal speciation

49
Q

What evidence was there for seasonal speciation in terms of nutritional lifestyle during the Mesolithic?

A

Isotopic studies of teeth that demonstrated marine and terrestrial mammal consumption

50
Q

What was the Neolithic revolution?

A

Shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer to agriculture and permanent settlement

51
Q

What did the Neolithic revolution mean for changes on earth?

A

domestication of plants, animal husbandry, and population increase

52
Q

When did the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic and stretch between?

A

P: 700kya - 10.5kya
M: 10.5kya - ~6kya
N: ~6kya - Bronze Age (the Neolithic is highly debated as there are so many more developments around this time)

ESSHP: Section 2 (14 decks)

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