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ESSHP: Section 2 > Lecture 23: Human Evolution > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first published evolutionary theory and who produced it?

A

1859 by Charles Darwin

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2
Q

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s first evolutionary theory?

A

On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection

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3
Q

Why was Darwin’s first evolutionary theory rejected?

A

Because of strong religious beliefs

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4
Q

What did Darwin add to his evolutionary theory in 1871?

A

The process that made the link between the evolutionary process and humans

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5
Q

Why was Darwin’s theory still rejected after 1871?

A

Because of continued religious beliefs and he did not have any intermediary species between apes and humans

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6
Q

When did evidence of intermediary species emerge and who produced it?

A

Towards the end of the 19th century due to Eugene Dubois

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7
Q

How did Dubois provide evidence of intermediate species?

A

He conducted investigations in Java where he discovered the remains of Homo Erectus.

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8
Q

How did Dubois’ evidence develop in the 1920s?

A

He found further remains of hominin in Africa

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9
Q

What evidence was there for evolutionary species in Germany but what was it discarded as at the time?

A

Hominin bones that were thought at the time to come from a diseased human

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10
Q

What is the biggest biological taxonomy ranking

A 
Kingdom (Animalia) 
Phylum (Chordata)
Class (Mammalia)
Order (Primate) 
Family (Hominidae) 
Genus (Homo) 
Species of the Homo (Sapiens)
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11
Q

What are Kingdom (Animalia) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Organisms that can move on their own. None before, Phylum (Chordata) after

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12
Q

What are Phylum (Chordata) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Animalia with a back bone.

Kingdom (Animalia) is before and Class (Mammalia) are after

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13
Q

What are Class (Mammalia) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Chordates with fur/hair and milk glands. Phylum (Chordates) are before and Order (Primate) are after

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14
Q

What are Order (Primate) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Mammals with collar bones and grasping fingers. Class (Mammalia) are before and Family (Hominidae) are after

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15
Q

What are Family (Hominidae) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Primates with relatively flat faces and 3d vision. Order (Primates) are before and Genus (Homo) are after

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16
Q

What are Genus (Homo) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa? (biggest taxa order)

A

Hominids with upright posture and large brains. Family (Hominidae) are before and Species (Sapien) are after

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17
Q

What are Species (Sapien) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Homo with high forehead and thin skull bones. Genus (Homo) are before and none are after other than the in-depth modern human taxa

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18
Q

What is the ranking of taxa that most closely resemble the modern humans?

A 
Family (Hominidae) 
Subfamily (Homininae)
Tribe (Hominini)
Subtribe (Hominina) 
Genus (Homo)
Species (Sapiens)
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19
Q

What are family (hominidae)? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa? (modern human taxa order)

A

Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. None before and Subfamily (homininae) after

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20
Q

What are subfamily (homininae) taxa? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Gorillas, Chimps and Humans. Family (Hominidae) are before and Tribe (Hominini) are after

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21
Q

What are tribe (hominini)? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Panina (chimps), Hominina (Humans) and Australopithecina. Subfamily (homininae) are before and subtribe (Hominina) are after

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22
Q

What are subtribe (hominina)? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Homo Genus. Subtribe (Hominina) are before and Genus (Homo) are after

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23
Q

What are Genus (Homo)? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Homo Sapiens + around 15 other Genus. Subtribe (Hominina) are before and Species (sapiens) are after

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24
Q

What are species (sapiens)? What taxonomy is before and after this taxa?

A

Anatomically modern humans. Genus (homo) are before none are after

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25
Q

What are the two key terms for human taxonomy?

A

1) Hominid (Family: Hominidae): these are the Great Apes of which there are 8 types today
2) Hominin (Tribe: Hominini): these are the members of Homo Genus i.e. they are humans and their closest ancestors

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26
Q

What is important to know about the most recent chapters of human taxonomy?

A

There is a lot of uncertainty

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27
Q

What are sahelanthorpus tchadensis? when were they dated back to?

A

the first divergence of us form chimps i.e. the first hominins. dated back to ~7-4mya

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28
Q

Describe the sahelanthorpus tchadensis? (brain size, features, walked upright)

A

chimp and human features
brain size comparable to modern chimp
may have walked upright

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29
Q

What are Australopithecus anamensis? when are they dated back to?

A

next step after sahelanthorpus tchadensis. ~4mya

30
Q

Describe the Australopithecus anamensis (dentistry, walked upright)

A

probably walked upright and teeth adapted to eating tough food

31
Q

When are Australopithecus afarensis dated to?

A

~4.5mya

32
Q

Describe Australopithecus afarensis? (height, brain size, stone tools, upright walking)

A

walked upright
1.2-1.4m tall
brain size 35% of homo sapien
no stone tools

33
Q

What is the human taxa significance of homo habilis? When were they dated to?

A

first taxa in the homo genus stages. ~1.8mya

34
Q

Describe homo habilis (first taxa, brain size, stone tools)

A

First in the homo genus stages
Brain size 50% of homo sapiens
Primitive stone tools used

35
Q

What is the taxa significance of homo ergaster and when were they dated to?

A

Transition homo genus taxa after homo, the first homo habilis. ~1.8-1.7mya

36
Q

Describe homo ergaster? (brain size, tools, features, first to discover)

A

small face and teeth
brain size 60% of homo sapien
advanced stone tools developed
Possible first use of fire

37
Q

What period were homo erectus remains first dated to?

A

~1mya

38
Q

Describe the homo erectus (brain size, spatial significance, relevance to homo sapiens (2), survival)

A 
similar anatomy to homo sapiens
brain 60-70% of homo sapiens 
Successful survival species as they lasted around 2 million years (from ~2mya, they existed before the evidence was dated)
First species discovered out of Africa 
Coexisted with homo sapiens
39
Q

Where was most of the evidence for previous taxa found?

A

Africa

40
Q

Where in Africa were Sahelanthorpus tchadensis first found?

A

Middle - isolated from other species remains

41
Q

What taxa were found in a very similar spot to Sahelanthorpus tchadensis many years later? when?

A

Australopithecus Bahrelghazali (2.8mya)

42
Q

When and where was the first homo found, what taxa was it?

A

1.8mya - homo habilis - Eastern Coast of Southern Africa

43
Q

When was the first homo erectus evidence dated to and what was it the first homo to do? which places did they go to after this period?

A

1.7mya - it was the first to leave Africa where it emigrated to places in middle East and then Turkey and Georgia

44
Q

Where did homo erectus reach by 1.4maya and how?

A

Indonesia through India

45
Q

Where had the homo erectus reached by 800kya?

A

North Africa, China and Central and Eastern Europe

46
Q

When did the homo heidelbergensis find their way out of Africa and where did they go?

A

500kya - similar places to homo erectus (China, North Africa and maybe even Europe)

47
Q

What was the significance of the homo heidelbergensis in the human evolution taxa?

A

Watershed species just before the divergence in to homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens

48
Q

Describe homo heidelbergensis characteristics in terms of the modern human taxonomy order?

A

88% brains of homo sapiens

Used tools like homo erectus

49
Q

What happened to the homo heidelbergensis that emigrated to Europe?

A

Developed Neanderthal-like features

50
Q

What happened to the homo heidelbergensis that remained and occupied Africa?

A

Developed in to Homo Sapiens possibly

51
Q

What period is identified for the transition phase in to homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens from homo heidelbergensis?

A

250kya

52
Q

What are the three distinct species on the earth that have been identified after the 250kya transition phase? And what are the three aras that they predominantly occupied?

A

Homo Neanderthalensis - Europe
Homo Sapiens - Africa (North and West)
Homo Erectus - India to Indonesia to China

53
Q

Describe how homo neanderthalensis had evolved by the 130/125kya checkpoint phase

A

stocky and adapted to cold climate, used advanced tools, had a social structure and rudimentary landguage

54
Q

Describe how homo sapiens had evolved by 130/125kya checkpoint phase

A

Cultural ability, complex tools practical and social innovation

55
Q

When did Homo Sapiens find their way out of Africa?

A

125kya

56
Q

What are the two theorised phases of homo sapien dispersal and the places they migrated to?

A

1) Early (120kya) - middle East, Southern Asia and Australia
2) Late (60kya) - Europe, Northern Asia and Indonesia

57
Q

What is thought could have happened as homo sapiens found their way in to Europe?

A

competition, conflict and copulation with homo neanderthalensis

58
Q

What strong evidence is there for the coexistence of neanderthalensis and sapiens?

A

Tools and technology that each used were dated and found to overlap with each other for a period of 2,600 to 5,400 years

59
Q

What was the name given to the neanderthas and modern human tools?

A

Neanderthals: Mousterian

Modern Humans: Uluzzian

60
Q

What is thought that Neanderthals could have done with tools used by modern humans?

A

Copied the tools of modern humans or used them for inspiration

61
Q

When does evidence for Neanderthals disappear?

A

40kya

62
Q

What are the possible reasons for the disappearance of Neanderthals from the record?

A

Conflict: there is evidence for injuries from weapons on late Neanderthal fossils
Competition: Neanderthals were socially isolated and less likely to be able to avoid predators and keep warm compared to modern humans that were better equipped
Copulation: inter-breeding between species meant that that faded out of record

63
Q

What tectonic activity took place in East Africa and what impact did this have on the landscape/environment?

A

Tectonic activity transformed the region from homogenous desert landscape to heterogeneous cloud forests. It also lead to the Rift Valley which lead to lake formation

64
Q

What biological evolutionary processes happened to humans that took place at the same time as the African landscape changes?

A

speciation, encephalisation, hominin dispersal

65
Q

What is encephalisation?

A

An evolution in complexity and size of the brain

66
Q

What time is the overlap between African landscape change and human evolution most evident?

A

1.8mya

67
Q

What is the cause for the overlap between African landscape change and human evolution?

A

unknown

68
Q

What happened to the ITCZ over Africa and why?

A

Southerly migration of ITCZ caused by Heinrich events

69
Q

What impact did the Southerly migration of the ITCZ have on the environment and consequently human migration?

A

Cooler and drier climate meant vegetation changes which produced uninhabitable areas promoting homo sapiens to move out of Africa which led to their global dispersal

70
Q

What impact did the last glacial event have on human evolution and dispersal?

A

Neanderthals and sapiens forced out of Europe toward South where it was warmer. Neanderthals were poorly adapted to this warmer climate and fauna so were outcompeted by the sapiens

ESSHP: Section 2 (14 decks)

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