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COB Physiology II > Lecture 24: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Which ANS neurons have cell bodies located within the CNS, myelinated axons, and use ACh as their primary neurotransmitter?

A

Preganglionic neurons

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2
Q

Which ANS neurons have cell bodies located in peripheral ganglia, unmyelinated axons, and use ACh as their neurotransmitter for parasympathetics/Norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter in sympathetics?

A

Postganglionic neurons

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3
Q

How many pairs of ganglia are included in the thoracic sympathetic chain?

A

12 pairs of ganglia and the superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglia

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4
Q

How do nerves in the thoracic sympathetic chain exit to enter the thorax?

A

As cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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5
Q

What are the functions of cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?

A

Coronary artery dilation, increase heart rate, bronchodilation

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6
Q

What do splanchnic nerves supply and where do they synapse?

A

Supply abdominal viscera and synapse in prevertebral ganglia

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7
Q

Greater splanchnic nerves

A

Supply T5-T9; synapse in celiac ganglion

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8
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerves

A

Supply T10-T11; synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion

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9
Q

Least splanchnic nerve

A

Supply T12; synapse in aorticorenal ganglion

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10
Q

What is the role of circulating norepinephrine?

A

Constricts blood vessels (raises arterial pressure due to great effect on skeletal muscles), increase heart activity, inhibits GI tract, dilates pupil

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11
Q

What is the role of circulating epinephrine?

A

Increases cardiac output, affects metabolism

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12
Q

What is the stress response?

A

Mass discharge of entire sympathetic system leading to increased arterial pressure, increased metabolism, increased glycolysis, etc.

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve contains 75% of all parasympathetic fibers?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

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14
Q

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic signals?

A

Oculomotor (CN III), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (X)

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15
Q

What structures does the oculomotor nerve innervate?

A

Four of the six extrinsic eye muscles and levator palpebrae superioris

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16
Q

What structures does the facial nerve innervate?

A

Primary motor to muscles of facial expression, sensation of taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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17
Q

What structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

General sensation/sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

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18
Q

Where do the postganglionic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve terminate?

A. Lacrimal gland
B. Ciliary ganglion
C. Otic ganglion
D. Parotid gland

A

D. Parotid gland

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19
Q

What structures does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Motor to muscles of 4th, 5th pharyngeal arches (swallowing, speech)

20
Q

List branches of the vagus nerve. What does vagus nerve become after piercing diaphragm?

A

Cardiac branches, pulmonary branches, esophageal branches, left/right recurrent laryngeal nerves; becomes gastric nerve

21
Q

What molecules make up acetylcholine?

A

Choline, Acetyl-CoA

22
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

23
Q

What neurotransmitter is derived from tyrosine and dopamine?

A

Norepinephrine

24
Q

How is norepinephrine removed?

A

Destroyed by monamine oxidase or COMT

25
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors for ACh found?

A

On all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

26
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors for ACh found?

A

Autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; present in neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles

27
Q

What types of functions are alpha adrenergic receptors associated with?

A

Vasoconstriction, iris dilation, intestinal relaxation, bladder sphincter contraction, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, etc.

28
Q

What types of functions are beta1 adrenergic receptors associated with?

A

Cardioacceleration, increased myocardial strength, lipolysis

29
Q

What types of functions are beta2 adrenergic receptors associated with?

A

Vasodilation, intestinal relaxation, uterine relaxation, calorigenesis, glycogenolysis, relaxation of bladder wall

30
Q

Which of the following adrenergic receptors is associated with thermogenesis?

A. alpha 2
B. beta 2
C. beta 3
D. muscarinic

A

C. beta 3

31
Q

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, methoxamine, albuterol are all examples of what type of drug?

A

Sympathomimetic

32
Q

Which drugs cause the release of norepinephrine?

A

Ephedrine, tyramine, amphetamine

33
Q

Which drug has an anti-hypertensive effect by blocking the release of norepinephrine?

A. Amphetamine
B. Propranolol
C. Albuterol
D. Guanethidine

A

D. Guanethidine

34
Q

Which drug blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine?

A

Reserpine

35
Q

Which drug blocks sympathetic alpha receptors?

A

Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine

36
Q

Which drug blocks sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors?

A

Propranolol

37
Q

Which drug blocks sympathetic beta1 receptors?

A

Metoprolol

38
Q

Which drug blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia?

A

Hexamethonium

39
Q

Which drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase, acting on cholinergic effector organs?

A

Neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium

40
Q

Which drugs block cholinergic activity?

A

Atropine, homatropine, scopolamine

41
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the eyes?

A

Sympathetic: Pupil dilation
Parasympathetic: pupil constriction, lens focusing

42
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on glands?

A

Sympathetic: secretion of sweat (cholinergic mostly)
Parasympathetic: stimualtion of lacrial, nasal, salivary, upper GI glands

43
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the GI tract?

A

Sympathetic: inhibition of peristalsis
Parasympathetic: promotes peristalsis, relaxes sphincters

44
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the heart?

A

Sympathetic: increases heart rate, contraction strength
Parasympathetic: decreases heart rate, contraction strength

45
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the systemic blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic: constricts blood vessels
Parasympathetic: no effect

46
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on arterial pressure?

A

Sympathetic: acute increase
Parasympathetic: little effect

47
Q

What are the general sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the body?

A

Sympathetic: inhibition of endodermal structures
Parasympathetic: excitation of endodermal structures

COB Physiology II (18 decks)

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