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COB Physiology II > Lecture 2: CNS Organization > Flashcards

Lecture 2: CNS Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main division of the nervous system?

A

CNS, PNS, ANS

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the CNS?

A

Brain, Spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Aggregation of dendrites/cell bodies in CNS

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6
Q

Ganglion

A

Aggregation of dendrites/cell bodies in PNS

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7
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of fibers/axons in PNS

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8
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of fibers/axons in CNS

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9
Q

Which part of the neuron has receptors for neurotransmitters and conducts local potentials?

A. Cell body
B. Axons
C. Dendrites
D. Schwann cell

A

C. Dendrites

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10
Q

Which part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters and conducts action potentials?

A. Cell body
B. Axons
C. Dendrites
D. Schwann cell

A

B. Axons

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11
Q

White ramus communicans

A

Carries myelinated preganglionic fibers

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12
Q

Gray ramus communicans

A

Carries unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve

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13
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Long chain, site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves

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14
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

Anterior to abdominal aorta, site of synapses for preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated neurons

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15
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS; minimally consists of afferent and efferent pathway

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16
Q

Monosynaptic pathways

A

Consist of only afferent and efferent neurons; has a single synapse

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17
Q

Polysynaptic pathways

A

Include interneurons in addition to afferent and efferent neurons; has multiple synapses

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18
Q

Excitatory Postsynatic Potentials

A

Many synapses must simultaneously be firing in order to summate to produce an action potential

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19
Q

Somatosensory axis

A

Sequence of structures involved in transmission of sensory signal from peripheral receptors to higher brain centers

20
Q

Primary afferent neurons

A

Synapse in posterior horns of spinal cord or sensory nuclei in the brain

21
Q

Secondary afferent neurons

A

Synapse in the thalamus

22
Q

Tertiary afferent neurons

A

Synapse in the somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

23
Q

Skeletal Motor Nerve axis

A

Sequence of structures involved in transmission of an action potential from higher brain centers to skeletal muscles

24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Secreted by: pyramidal cells, neurons in basal nuclei, alpha motor neurons, preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; usually excitatory

25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Secreted by: neurons in brain stem, hypothalamus, pons, postganglionic neurons of sympathetic system; can be excitatory or inhibitory

26
Q

Dopamine

A

Secreted by: neurons in substantia nigra; usually inhibitory

27
Q

Glycine

A

Secreted by: synapses in spinal cord; always inhibitory

28
Q

GABA

A

Secreted by: many areas in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex; always inhibitory

29
Q

Glutamate

A

Secreted by: many sensory pathways entering CNS and areas of cerebral cortex; always excitatory

30
Q

Electrotonic conduction

A

Direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in dendritic fluids without generating an action potential

31
Q

Decremental conduction

A

Gradual loss of potential as depolarization spreads from initiation site

32
Q

Excitatory state (of neuron)

A

The summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron; occurs when there is a higher degree of excitation compared to inhibition

33
Q

What factors determine neuronal firing rate?

A

Excitatory state must be above the threshold for excitation; changes in excitatory rate due to superimposition of additonal excitatory/inhibitory signals can affect firing rate

34
Q

Fatigue of synaptic transmission

A

Rate of synaptic firing decreases over time; exhaustion of transmitter substance in presynaptic terminals leads to progressive inactivation of postsynaptic receptors

35
Q

What effects does alkalosis have on synaptic transmission?

A

Increases neuronal excitability; ex: epileptic seizures

36
Q

What effects does acidosis have on synaptic transmission?

A

Depresses neuronal activity; ex: comatose state

37
Q

What effects does hypoxia have on synaptic transmission?

A

Depresses neuronal activity; ex. loss of consciousness

38
Q

What effects do caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine have on synaptic transmission?

A

Increases neuronal excitability by decreasing threshold for excitation

39
Q

What effects does strychnine have on synaptic transmission?

A

Increases neuronal activity by inhibiting inhibitory transmitters

40
Q

What effects do anesthetics have on synaptic transmission?

A

Decrease excitability by increasing threshold for excitation

41
Q

Synaptic delay

A

Time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

42
Q

What factors contribute to synaptic delay

A

Time it takes to release neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron, time it takes for neurotransmitters to diffuse across synaptic cleft, how neurotransmitter acts on postsynaptic membrane, etc

43
Q

What are the two main sources of blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries and Internal carotid arteries

44
Q

What is the Circle of Willis and why is it significant?

A

Pentagonal-shaped anastomosis of arteries uniting the two vertebral and two internal carotid arteries; provides collateral circulation to the brain

45
Q

Which neurotransmitter is always excitatory, and is secreted by CNS sensory pathways and cerebral cortex?

A. Glycine
B. GABA
C. Glutamate
D. Norepinephrine

A

C. Glutamate

COB Physiology II (18 decks)

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