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M: DS > Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nutritional requirements in infancy influenced by?

A
  • Demands of growth and development
  • Organs have a funcitonal capacity which differs from adults
  • Metabolic activities are more closly related to surface area
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2
Q

What happens to the ratio of surface area to weight or height as we age?

A

Decreases

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3
Q

What does high surface area put infants at risk of?

A

Dehydration

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4
Q

How much does a baby’s weight increase in the first year?

A

300%

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5
Q

How much does a baby’s length increase in the first year?

A

55%

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6
Q

How much does a baby’s head circumference increase in the first year?

A

40%

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7
Q

What happens to the brain weight of a baby within the first year?

A

Doubles

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8
Q

What can nutritional status in early life determine?

A

Dietary patterns and behaviours that last for life.

Growth trajectory and health later in life

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9
Q

What can SGA and LGA lead to?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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10
Q

What does the MoH NZ and WHO recommended for infant nutrition?

A

Exclusively breast fed for 6 months (or formula)

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11
Q

What is the energy nutrient composition of breast milk?

A

Protein 6%
Fat 55%
Carbs 39%

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12
Q

Describe the foremilk of breastmilk and compare it to the hindmilk

A

Foremilk is very watery to quench thirst and the hindmilk is very high in fat to satisfy hunger.

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13
Q

Compare the protein content of breast and formula milk

A 
Breast milk:
- Whey:casein ratio low for early and 1 for mature 
- alpha-lactoalbumin
Formula:
- Variable whey:casein ratio
- alpha-lactoglobulin
- 50% more protein
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14
Q

When a baby is first born, what is the milk called?

A

Colostrum: sticky yellow substance high in immunoglobulins

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15
Q

Compare the fat content of breast and formula milk

A

Breast milk:
- Provides 50% energy
- High in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Arachiodonic acid and docosohexaenoic acid
Formula:
- Mixture of fatty acids different

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16
Q

Is the bioavailability for breast milk?

A

YES

17
Q

What are the biologically active components in breast milk?

A

Immunoglobulins, enzymes, cytokines, growth factors

18
Q

When is the risk of infection higher for feeding babies?

A

Infant formula as increased risk of contamination

19
Q

Describe the ability of kidneys in newborns

A

Immature kidneys are inefficient at concentrating urine. High requirement of fluid and easily dehydrated.

20
Q

Compare the renal solute load of human milk and other options

A

Human milk has lower renal solute load to prevent dehydration

21
Q

What are the levels of digestive factors in infants compared to those of the adult?

A

Low levels of gastric acid and enzymes for breakdown of protein, fat, carbs.

22
Q

What causes loose stools for breastfed babies?

A

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates

23
Q

Why do we need to eat solid foods?

A
  • Nutrient requirements
  • Physical development: oral motor development, gastrointestinal maturation
  • Social development
  • Antigen exposure
24
Q

How can development of allergies be reduced?

A

If a baby is continued to be breastfed when antigens from solid foods are introduced

25
Q

What methods are used to monitor growth and development?

A

Growth charts: WHO growth charts

26
Q

What do centiles on growth charts indicate?

A

Normal growth. Swapping of centiles for weight is an issue. can be acute. Concerning if height also decreases.

27
Q

What are the body shape changes that occur between the ages of 1 and 2?

A
  • Loss of baby fat
  • Muscles (especially, back, buttocks, and legs) become firmer and strengthen
  • Leg bones lengthen
28
Q

What are the recommended servings of fruit and vegetable for preschoolers (2-5) vs school children (5-12)?

A

Preschool: 2 servings of fruit and 2 servings of vegetables
School: 2 servings of fruit and 3 servings of vegetables

29
Q

What percentage of children from 2-14 were obese in the NZ health survey of 2014/15

A

11%

30
Q

What percentage of children 2-14 were overweight in 2014/15?

A

22%

31
Q

What percentage of Maori and Pacific children were obese?

A

M: 15%
P: 30%

32
Q

What is used to monitor weight in children?

A

BMI centile charts

33
Q

What are the contributing factors to childhood obesity?

A

Increased energy due to bigger portion size
More fast food, junk food, sweetened drinks
Sedentary behaviour
Less physical activity
Genetic factors

34
Q

What are the risks of childhood obesity?

A
  • Early development of type 2 diabetes
  • Early development of heart disease
  • Atherosclerosis: plaque, fatty streaks
35
Q

What are the differences in nutritional requirements for adolescents?

A

Increase protein, calcium, folate, iron requirements

36
Q

When does maximal bone mass formation occur?

When is peak bone mass attained?

A

12 girls 13 boys

16-18

37
Q

What is attainment of peak bone mass influenced by?

A

Dietary calcium intake and weight bearing exercise

38
Q

When are nutrient requirements are their greatest?

A

Early childhood and adolescence

M: DS (29 decks)

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