Lecture 23 Memory 1

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Behavior change due to knowledge
outcome of process

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Process of acquiring, storing and producing knowledge

Qualitative or temporal

Question 3

Qualitative memory

Answer 3

Declarative memory (explicit)

Non - declarative memory (implicit)

Question 4

Declarative memory

Episodic

Semantic

Answer 4

Episodic - context, remembering events (colour of clothes, smell of food)

Semantic - knowing facts (independent of personal experience - the maori name of NZ is Aotearoa)

Question 5

Non declarative memory
Procedural

Associative

Priming

Answer 5

Procedural memory “muscle memory” - unconscious & automatic recall of learned skills/procedures. Store info about how to perform many motor skills

associative memory - conditioned learning.

Priming - exposure to one stimulus can affect how a person reacts to a related stimulus

Question 6

Non-declarative memory
Association

Answer 6

Giving meaningless items a meaningful context
- improve memory
- fascination of person with a subject.
- more likely to remember if you find meaning in the information

Savant syndrome : person with significant cognitive disabilities show specialized skills in a certain field like music, maths or languages

Question 7

Conditioned learning (Association)

1. Classical conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)
2. Operant conditioning

Answer 7

Theory - response to a stimulus can be changed by association

1. Learning relationship between two stimuli. Take a neural stimulus and turn it into a conditioned stimulus. (Dog salivates when he brings food. They see him - start salivating - think there is food. Conditioned to salivate when see or hear tuning fork)
2. Learn behavior after stimuli. Behavior then consequence.
   - Reinforcement : increase in behavior by positive reinforcement (present reward) or negative reinforcement (remove unpleasant stimulus)
   - Punishment : Reduce a behavior -> positive punishment (present aversive stimulus) / negative punishment (remove rewarding stimulus)

Question 8

Priming

Answer 8

Change in stimulus processing -> prior encounter with similar/same stimulus
- not affected by age, dementia, amnesia

Question 9

Temporal memory

Answer 9

Immediate (~ seconds) -> hold info shortly before deciding what to do with it

Working (~seconds to minutes) -> keep and manipulate memory for a duration until application then forget it [short term memory]

Long term (~ days to years) -> learn memory , allow to leave and then try to recall it [long term memory]

All are susceptible to Forgetting

Question 10

Consolidation

Answer 10

Continual information transfer from immediate to working to long term memory
Stabilizing memory : something trying to remembre -> something can recall easily
Synaptic consolidation -> LTP in hippocampus

Question 11

What happens when you have non-declarative memory but nor declarative memory? Henry Molaison

Answer 11

Old memory retained from before accident but cannot form new memories

Able to perform improved motor skills day by day but no recollection of it (think everyday is the first day )

Question 12

Forgetting

Answer 12

• important : due to information volume

Question 13

Amnesia (Context of declarative memory)

Answer 13

Too much forgetting

Differ in timing of forgetting memory
- Retrograde : impaired memory for event before trauma
- anterograde : impaire memory for events after trauma
(Often present together)

Question 14

Aging and memory

Cognitive reserve

Answer 14

Brain weight decreases, synapses decreases, communication number among neurons decreases,

Cognitive reserve in older individuals - recruit different parts of brain to retain memory