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Body Logistics > Lecture 23: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymph?

A

Thin fluid that resembles plasma but has lesser protein

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2
Q

What is chyle?

A

Lymph that arises in GI tract containing fats and dissolved lipids

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3
Q

How much lymph is produced each day?

A

3-5 liters

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4
Q

What are the 4 lymphatic vessels?

A

Capillaries, trunks, ducts, veins

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5
Q

What are the 5 structures that lymph flows through from the tissue to the vein?

A 
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic node
Lymphatic trunk 
Lymphatic duct
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6
Q

What are 2 similarities between lymphatic capillaries and veins?

A

Low pressure

Valves present

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7
Q

What is the difference between veins and lymphatic capillaries?

A

No cells in lymphatic vessels but cells present in veins

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8
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Large container of chyle from GI tract

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9
Q

What does the lymph from upper right quadrant drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein

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10
Q

Where does the lymph from the rest of the body flow into?

A

Thoracic duct into left subclavian vein

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11
Q

What are the 3 most important lymph nodes?

A

Neck (cervical)
Groin (inguinal)
Armpit (axillae)

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12
Q

What is the structure of lymphatic vessels in lymph nodes?

A

Multiple afferent lymphatic vessels that enter via convex surface and single efferent lymphatic vessel that leaves via concave hillbilly

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13
Q

What is the structure of the lymph nodes?

A

Multiple nodules that contain immune cells (macrophages, dendritic, B and T cells, plasma cells)

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14
Q

What is the main connective tissue fibre in lymph nodes?

A

Reticular

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15
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells located?

A

Germinal centers of lymph node

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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of follicular dendritic cells?

A

Antigen antibody complexes adhere to dendritic processes to be presented to T cells

Cause proliferation of B cells, in particular memory B cells

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17
Q

How do T and B cells work together?

A

B cells finds antigen and presents it to T cell, which activates it to be able to produce plasma and memory cells. Plasma cells then produce antibodies that attach to the antigen, then macrophages eats them.

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18
Q

What is the structure of blood vessels in lymph nodes?

A

Feeding artery and draining vein that enter and leave via the hilum

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19
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

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20
Q

What are the causes of lymphadenopathy?

A
  1. During infections, germinal centers fill with increasing numbers of lymphocytes causing lymph nodes to swell
  2. Cancer metastasize to lymph nodes
  3. Lymphoma
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21
Q

What are 6 lymphatic organs?

A 
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
Tonsils
Appendix
Payer’s patches
22
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Superior mediastinum

23
Q

What is the structure of the thymus?

A

Similar to lymph node (cortex medulla and germinal centre) but no hilum

24
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Thymic cell education - maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into immunocompetent T cells

25
Q

What is myasthenia crisis?

A

Inability to swallow due to weakened muscles

26
Q

Where is the spleen?

A

Inferior to diaphragm, posterior to stomach

27
Q

What is the structure of the spleen?

A

White pulp made of lymphocytes and red pulp made of erythrocytes

28
Q

What are the 2 types of function of spleen?

A

Immune and haemopoietic

29
Q

What are 4 immune functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Antigen presentation by APCs
  2. Activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes
  3. Production of antibodies
  4. Removal of macro molecular antigen from blood
30
Q

What are the 3 haemopoietic functions of spleen?

A

Removal and destruction of old, damaged and abnormal erythrocytes and platelets

Retrieval of iron from erythrocyte haemoglobin

Erythrocyte storage

31
Q

What is a splenectomy?

A

Removal of spleen

32
Q

What does splenectomy increase the risk of?

A

Infection by encapsulated bacteria and malaria

33
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement due to localized infection or systemic infection

34
Q

Where are 2 locations of the tonsils?

A

Oreo pharynx and nasopharynx

35
Q

What are the 3 tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil

36
Q

What is the structure of tonsils?

A

Nodules that reside inferior to surface invaginations

37
Q

What are the 3 functions of tonsils?

A

Prevent pathogen ingress through oral and nasal routes
Prevent pathogen ingress through aural route
Crypts increase surface area

38
Q

What kind of specialized cells does the surface epithelia of the tonsil have?

A

Micro fold cells that present antigen to underlying immune cells

39
Q

Where is the vermiform appendix located?

A

Inferior to and attached to caecum

40
Q

What is the structure of the vermiform appendix?

A

Nodules reside inferior to surface invaginations and many M fold cells in epithelial surface

41
Q

What are the 3 functions of vermiform appendix?

A

Prevent pathogen ingress through GI routes
Prevent pathogen ingress arriving from ileum
Crypts increase surface area

42
Q

Where are Payer’s Patches located?

A

Inferior to and attached to side of ileum

43
Q

What is the structure of Payer’s patches?

A

Nodules reside inferior to surface domes and many M fold cells in epithelial surface

44
Q

What is the function of Payer’s patches?

A

Prevent pathogen ingress through digestion

45
Q

What are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid balance
Transport of fat and fat soluble vitamins
Defense against invading pathogens and disease
Storage of and destruction of aged erythrocytes (spleen)

46
Q

What are sentinel lymph nodes?

A

First node to receive lymph from area of a primary tumor

47
Q

What are 2 main types of lymphoedema?

A

Primary and secondary

48
Q

What is primary lymphodema?

A

Inherited diseases

49
Q

What are 3 examples of primary lymphoedema diseases?

A

Congenital (Milroy’s disease)
Praecox (Meige’s disease)- 2-35 years
Tarda (after 35)

50
Q

What causes Milroy’s disease?

A

Mutated FLT4 gene leading to small or missing endothelial cells in vessel wall

51
Q

What are 5 causes of secondary lymphoedema?

A

Neoplasia - inflamed pelvic masses infiltrate lymph node
Surgery - node involvement
Radiotherapy - nodal fibrosis
Autoimmune disease - rheumatoid arthritis or eczema
Infections - cellulitis (obstruction of vessel), filariasis (parasitic worm)

52
Q

What are the treatments of lymphoedema?

A

Lympha Press System

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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