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Body Logistics > Lecture 11: Connective And Adipose Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Connective And Adipose Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of connective tissue?

A

Tissue made up of cells, fibers and ground substance that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

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2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Binding and supporting (holding tissues together eg skin)
  2. Protecting (bone protecting vital organs)
  3. Insulating (fat underlying skin)
  4. Storing fuel reserve and cells (adipose tissue)
  5. Transporting substances (blood)
  6. Separation of tissues (tendons)
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3
Q

What are the common cell types found in connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
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4
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A
  • Synthesize and secrete fibers that lie within the ground substance
  • Important in wound healing process
  • Primarily responsible for formation of scar tissue
  • Myofibroblasts (modified fibroblasts) that contain actin and myosin is responsible for wound contraction during tissue loss
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5
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytic (eat everything)
  • Degrade foreign organisms and cell debris
  • Professional antigen presenting cells (present foreign material to T and B lymphocytes of immune system)
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6
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Mast cell cytoplasm contains granules:

  • Histamine (increase blood vessel wall permeability)
  • Heparine (anticoagulant - stops blood clotting)
  • Cytokines (attract eosinophils and neutrophils)

Found in areolar connective tissue near blood vessels

Coated with IgE (molecules which specifically bind allergens), when allergen cross-links IgE, contents of granules rapidly released

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7
Q

What is the function of unilocular adipcytes?

A
  • White adipose
  • Single enormous lipid droplet, everything squeezed to one side of the cell
  • Function: padding nad shock absorber, insulation and energy reserve
  • Lipid breakdown is slow and heat only generated after shivering reflex
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8
Q

What is the function of multilocular adipocytes?

A
  • Brown adipocytes
  • Multiple small lipid droplets, organelles squeezed to centre of cell
  • Function: provide insulation and energy reserve
  • In neonates and infants, lipid breakdown is accelerated, oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled to generate heat
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9
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance (proteoglycans) and fibers (collagen, elastin and reticular fibers)

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10
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Provide support and anchorage for the shape of the cells

- Regulates and determines cell dynamic and behavior

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11
Q

What is ground substance?

A
  • Viscous, clear substance with a slippery feeling
  • High water content
  • Composed of proteoglycans (large macromolecules consisting of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycans are covalently bound)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are long chained polysaccharides that attract water to form a hydrated gel
  • Makes ground substance sticky and slippery at the same time
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12
Q

What are the fibers present in extracellular matrix?

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticulin
  • Elastin
  • Fibrillin
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13
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • Type 1: most common, fibrils aggregate into fibers and fiber bundles (tendons, skin dermis)
  • Type 2: fibrils do not form fibers (elastic cartilage)
  • Type 3: reticulin - fibrils form fibers around muscle and nerve cells and within lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs
  • Type 4: present in basement membrane
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14
Q

What is elastin?

A
  • Made of hydrophobic amino acids
  • Allows tissues to recoil after stretch or distension
  • Common in aorta, lungs, skin
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15
Q

What is fibrillin?

A

Glycoproteins essential for construction of elastin fibers, found where elastin is

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16
Q

What is reticulin?

A
  • Type of collagen fibre
  • Provide supporting framework or sponge
  • Common in lymphatic system
19
Q

What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Densely packed but irregularly orientated bundles of fibers

20
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • Irregular arrangement: resist forces in multiple directions to prevent tearing
  • Elastic fibers allow a degree of stretch and restores it back to the original shape
  • Example: deep layer of the dermis, submucosa of intestine
21
Q

What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Collagen bundles lie in parallel, densely packed formation in line with the tensile force exerted by muscle

22
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • resists stress in only one direction

- Example: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia

23
Q

What is a tendon?

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Forces transmitted along collagen bundles as they glide over each other
  • Made of collagen (30%), elastin (2%) and water (68%)
  • Collagen I (70%) and III reticulin (30%)
  • Connects muscle to bone
24
Q

What is a ligament?

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue

- Connects bone to bone

25
Q

What is fascia?

A
  • Connective tissue

- 3 types: superficial (loose), deep (dense irregular) and visceral

26
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A
  • Pearly white fibrous tissue

- Attaches flat muscle to muscle, tendon to tendon, tendon to ligament

27
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Superficial fascia

- Adipose tissue

28
Q

What are the types of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • Tendon
  • Ligament
  • Aponeurosis
29
Q

What are the types of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • Dermis

- Deep fascia

34
Q

What is the structure of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Contains multiple cell types: fibroblast, macrophages, white blood cells, mast cells, adipocytes
  • Contains 2 main fibers: collagen, elastin
  • Gel like ground substances: proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid etc
35
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Holds vessels that supply fluids
  • Permits cell migration
  • Involved in inflammation pathways
  • Acts as packaging around organs
  • Generally holds everything in place
  • Cushions and stabilizes organs
36
Q

What are the signs of scurvy?

A
  • Gum disease
  • Bruising of skin
  • Bleeding
  • Poor wound healing
37
Q

What are the causes of scurvy?

A
  • Vitamin C deficiency
  • Vitamin C is needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen synthesis
  • Lack of vitamin C disrupts collagen formation
  • Collagen fibrils do not form collagen fibers
38
Q

What are the signs of Marfan’s syndrome?

A
  • Abnormally tall
  • Exhibit arachnidactyly (spiderlike fingers and limbs)
  • Frequent joint dislocation
  • At risk occurs catastrophic aortic rupture
39
Q

What are the causes of Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Fibrillin 1 gene mutated , developing abnormal elastic tissue

40
Q

What are the signs of osteogenesis imperfects?

A
  • Weakened bones
  • Short stature
  • Presence of blue sclera (whites of eye appear blue)
  • Hearing loss
  • Hypermobility and flat or arched feet
  • Poor teeth development
41
Q

What are the causes of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Mutation in col1A or col2A gene

- Due to mutated collagen, fibers do not knit together or are insufficient

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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