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(J) Anatomy II Test 3 > Lecture 23 - Brain Evolution and General Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 23 - Brain Evolution and General Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of tracts in the cerebral hemisphere?

L23 S46

A

Association:
-connects regions within a single hemisphere

Commissural:
-interconnect the two hemispheres

Projection tracts:

  • connect hemispheres to other parts of brain and spinal cord
  • forms internal capsule
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2
Q

What are the major components of the Diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus:

  • Pineal body
  • Parapineal body (organ)
  • Choroid plexus
  • Habenulae

Thalamus

Hypothalamus:

  • Optic chiasma is cephalic boundary
  • infundibular recess and stalk
  • Posterior pituitary (pars nervosa)
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3
Q

What are the functions of the pineal body?

A

-Thought to be involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors

  • Secretes melatonin (hormone):
  • Regulates circadian rhythms

Lesions associated with precocious puberty

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4
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • Relays all sensory information except smell to cerebral cortex
  • Provides crude awareness
  • Initial autonomic response of the body to intense pain (physiologic shock)
  • Interpretation center for crude pain, temperature, light touch, pressure
  • Plays a role in arousal and alerting
  • Plays a role in complex reflex movements
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5
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Controls/integrate ANS
  • Raises/Lowers arterial blood pressure and increases/decreases heart rate (posterior/anterior)
  • Reception and integration of visceral sensory impulses
  • Intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems
  • Produces ADH and oxytocin
  • Involved in psychosomatic disorders
  • Associated with rage and aggression
  • Controls normal body temperature
  • Regulates food intake
  • Maintains extracellular fluid volume
  • Biorhythm oscillator
  • Sexual center
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6
Q

What is the striatum?

A

-Refers to the collection of basal nuclei (basal ganglia) that develop in the floor of the telencephalon

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7
Q

What is the lamina terminalis?

A
  • Original cephalic boundary of the neural tube

- Separates the two lateral ventricles

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8
Q

What is the pallium?

A
  • The primitive roof of the telencephalon.
  • It lacks a true cortex.
  • It serves as a primitive sensory and association area and receives information from the olfactory apparatus and some from the thalamus.
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9
Q

What is the neocortex?

A
  • In mammals, the neocortex is added on top of the pallium.
  • Makes up the majority of our cerebrum.
  • Divided into Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Insula, and Occipital Lobes.
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10
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Integrates eye focusing movements
  • Correlates visual images with visual memory.
  • Involved in conscious perception of vision.
  • Separated from parietal lobe:
    • Parietooccipital sulcus
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11
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Somatesthetic interpretation:
    • Postcentral gyrus
  • Understanding speech
    • Auditory association cortex
    • Wernicke’s Area

-Formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

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12
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Voluntary motor control:
    • Precentral gyrus
  • Motivation
  • Aggression
  • Mood
  • Personality
  • Cognitive processes
  • Verbal communication:
    • Broca’s area
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13
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Receives/interprets olfactory and auditory sensations

- Responsible for storage of memory related to auditory and visual experiences.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the insula?

A

-Involved with memory

  • Psychic cortex:
    • Highest levels of brain function:
      • Abstract thought
      • Judgement
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15
Q

What are the nuclei of the Corpus Striatum?

A
  • Putamen: large subconscious movements of skeletal muscles.
  • Globus pallidus: regulates muscle tone.
  • Caudate nucleus
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16
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the substantia nigra and characteristics of them?

A
  • Dorsal: Pars compacta
    • Melanin containing neurons
    • Dopaminergic neurons
  • Ventral: Pars reticularis
    • Iron-containing glial cells
    • Serotonin and GABA
17
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A
  • Amygdaloid body
  • Hippocampus
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Anterior nucleus of thalamus
18
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • “Emotional” brain:
    • Emotional and motivational aspects of behavior
    • Provides emotional component to learning process:
      • Especially the amygdala
  • Associated with memory:
    • Especially the hippocampus

-Associated with pain/pleasure, rage.

19
Q

What is the amygdala and what are its functions?

A
  • Large nuclear group in temporal lobe

- Receives info from olfactory tract, limbic cortex and various regions of the neocortex.

20
Q

What are the regions of the amygdala?

A
  • Large basolateral region:
    • Provides direct input to basal ganglia and motor system.
  • Small corticomedial group of nuclei:
    • Related to olfactory cortex.
  • Medial and central nuclei:
    • Connected to hypothalamus
21
Q

What is the function of the Papez circuit?

A

-EMOTIONS

22
Q

What pathologies are associated with the limbic system?

A
  • Voracious appetite
  • Increased (perverse) sexual activity
  • Docility:
    • Loss of normal fear/anger response
  • Memory loss:
    • Damage to hippocampus portion results in cells undergoing calcium-induced changes associated with memory
  • Kluver-Bucy Syndrome:
    • Results from bilateral destruction of amygdala
23
Q

What are characteristics of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A
  • Increase in sexual activity
  • Compulsive tendency to place objects in mouth
  • Decreased emotionality
  • Changes in eating behavior
  • Visual agnosia
24
Q

What are the major relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Reticular
  • Anterior
25
Q

What are the thalamic sensory relay nuclei?

A
  • Medial geniculate body:
    • Auditory
    • Projects to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
  • Lateral geniculate body:
    • Visual
    • Projects to primary visual cortex in occipital cortex
  • Ventral posterior nucleus:
    • General sensations and pain
26
Q

What are the thalamic motor relay nuclei?

A
  • Ventral lateral:
    • Voluntary motor
  • Ventral anterior:
    • Voluntary motor and arousal
  • Subthalamic:
    • Voluntary motor
27
Q

What are the functions of the thalamic reticular relay nuclei?

A

-Modifies neuronal activity in the thalamus

  • May be involved in:
    • Regulating sleep-wakefulness cycle and levels of awareness.
28
Q

What are the functions of the thalamic anterior relay nuclei?

A

-Concerned with certain emotions and memory

  • Receives input from:
    • Hippocampus
    • Mammillary bodies
29
Q

What are the hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  • Mammillary bodies
    • Involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors
    • Relay stations for olfactory neurons to inferior colliculi
  • Supraoptic nuclei:
    • Send projections (axons) that release neurohormones into capillaries in the posterior pituitary:
      • Oxytocin
      • Vasopressin
  • Suprachiasmatic nuclei:
    • Located immediately above optic chiasma
    • Acts as a master biological clock, controlling circadian and circannual rhythms
    • Set to light-dark cycle by a direct retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

(J) Anatomy II Test 3 (8 decks)

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