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CHI 108 > Lecture 22: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

A

Two groups of organs:

  1. Alimentary canal ie GI tract
    - digests and absorbs food
    - mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
  2. Accessory digestive organs
    - teeth, tongue, gallbladder
    - digestive glands
    • salivary glands
    • liver
    • pancreas
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2
Q

Be able to label a diagram of the digestive system

Slide 4

A

Do it!

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3
Q

What are the 6 essential activities in digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defection
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4
Q

What is the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. What is their location and function

A

Peritoneum: serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
-visceral peritoneum: on external surface if most digestive organs
-parietal peritoneum: line the body wall
Peritoneal cavity:
-between the two peritoneums
-fluid lubricates mobile organs
Mesentary: is a double layer of peritoneum
-routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-holds organs in place and stores fat
Retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to the peritoneum
Intra peritoneal organs are surrounded by the peritoneum
Refer to slide 8 for visual

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5
Q

Blood supply: splanchnic circulation

What is the hepatic portal circulation

A

Arteries
-celiac –> hepatic, splenic, and left gastric
-inferior and superior mesenteric
The hepatic portal circulation
-drains nutrient rich blood from all digestive organs
-delivers it to the liver for processing

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6
Q

Histology of the alimentary canal

A 
Four basic layers (tunics) 
-mucosa (innermost)
  -lines the lumen
  -functions: 
     -secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones 
     -absorbs end products of digestion 
     -protects against infectious disease 
Submucosa
Muscularis externa 
Serosa (outermost) 
Refer to slide 11 for image
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7
Q

What is the enteric system, what’s its function?

A

Sensory:
-linked to the CNS via afferent visceral fibers
Motor:
-long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexus
-sympathetic impulses inhibit secretion and motility
-parasympathetic impulses stimulate

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8
Q

Mouth

A

Oral (buccal) cavity

  • bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
  • oral orifice is the anterior opening
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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9
Q

Be able to label diagram of oral cavity and pharynx slide 14

A

Do it!

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10
Q

Lips and cheeks

A

Contain orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles

  • vestibule: recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums
  • oral cavity proper lies within the teeth and gums

Palate:
-hard palate: palatine bones and palatine process of the maxillae
-slightly corrugated to help create friction against the tongue
Soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
-closes of the nasopharynx during swallowing
-uvula projects down its free edge

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the tongue

A

Functions Include:
-mixing food during chewing
-formation of the bolus
-initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
Intrinsic muscles: change the shape of the tongue
Extrinsic muscles: alter the tongues position
Lingual frenulum: attachment to the floor of the mouth
Surface of tongue has papillae… Of 4 types
1. Filiform-give the tongue roughness and provide friction
2. Fungiform- scattered over the tongue
3. Circumvallate (vallate) -V shaped row in back of tongue
-these three above house tastbuds
4. Foliate- on lateral aspects of the posterior tongue
Refer to slide 18 for picture

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12
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands and what is their functions

A 
(Parotid, submandibular, sublingual) 
Saliva:
-cleanses mouth 
-moistens and dissolves food chemicals 
-aids in bolus formation 
-contains amylase enzymes for breakdown of starch 
-strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth 
Refer to slide 21
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13
Q

Structure and function of teeth and their aid in digestion

Slide 23

A

32 permanent teeth
Incisors:
-chisel shaped for cutting
Canines: fang like teeth that tear or pierce
Premolars (bicuspids) and molars
-have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding or crushing

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14
Q

Tooth structure

Slide 25

A

Crown: the exposed part above the gingiva (gum)
Root: portion embedded in the jawbone
Cementum: calcified connective tissue
-covers root and attaches it to the periodontal ligament
Periodontal ligament
-forms fibrous joint called gomphosis
Dentin: bone like material under enamel
Pulp cavity: cavity surrounded by dentin
Pulp: connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
Root canal: extends from pulp cavity to the apical foremen of the root

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15
Q

Pharynx structure and function

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

  • allows passage of food, fluids and air
  • skeletal muscle layer: inner longitudinal, outer pharyngeal constrictors
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16
Q

Esophagus

A

-flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach
-pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
-joins stomach at the cardiac orifice
-muscularis: skeletal superiorly; smooth inferiorly
-adventitia instead of serosa
Slide 28

17
Q

Stomach: gross anatomy

Slide 30

A

Cardiac region (cardia)
-surrounds the cardiac orifice
Fundus:
-dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm
Body
Pyloric region: pylorus is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric valve (sphincter)
Greater curvature: convex lateral surface
Lesser curvature: concave medial surface
Omentums:
-lesser omentum (from liver to the lesser curvature)
-greater omentum (drapes from greater curvature, and anterior to small intestine)
ANS nerve supply:
-sympathetic via splanchnic nerves and celiac plexus
-parasympathetic via vagus nerve
Blood supply:
Artery: celiac trunk
Veins if the hepatic portal system

18
Q

Small intestine: gross anatomy

A
  • major organ of digestion and absorption
    -2-4m long; from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
    Subdivisions:
    1. Duodenum (retroperitoneal)
    2. Jejunum (attached posterior lay by mesentery)
    3. Ileum (attached posteriorly by mesentery)
    Slide 35
19
Q

Duodenum:

Also be able to label diagram on slide 37

A

First part of small intestine
-has the bile duct and main pancreatic duct
Has the below to increase surface area for nutrient absorption
-circular folds (plicae circulares)
-villi
-microvilli

20
Q

Liver

A

-largest gland in the body
-four lobes: right, left, caudate and quadrate
Falciform ligament:
-separates the larger right and smaller left lobes
-suspends liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
Round ligament: (ligamentum Teres)
-what’s left of the fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciparum ligament
Refer to slide 40

21
Q

What are the associated structures of the liver?

A

Lesser omentum anchors liver to stomach

Portal triad: 3 components

  • hepatic vein: from liver to inferior vena cava
  • hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein at the porta hepatis
  • bile ducts
    • common hepatic duct leaves the liver
    • cystic duct connects to gallbladder
    • bile duct formed by union of the above 2 ducts

Bile:

  • yellow-green, alkaline solution containing
    • bile salts: cholesterol deriviates that function in fat emulsification and absorption
    • bilirubin: pigment formed from heme
22
Q

Liver microscopic anatomy:

A

Portal triad at each corner of lobule

  • bile ducts receives bile from bile canaliculi
  • portal arteriole is a branch of the hepatic artery
  • hepatic venule is a branch of the hepatic portal vein

Liver sinusoids are leaky capillaries

23
Q

The gallbladder

A
  • thin walled muscular sac
  • stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
  • releases bile via the cystic duct, which flow into the bile duct
24
Q

Pancreas
Location
Endocrine function
Exocrine function

A

Location:

  • deep to the greater curvature of the stomach
  • head is circled by the duodenum, tail abuts the spleen

Endocrine function:
-pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
Exocrine function:
-secretes pancreatic juice: amylase, lipases

25
Q

Motility of the small intestine

A
  • segmentation
  • peristolsis
  • ileocecal sphincter relaxes and admits chyme into the large intestine when
  • ileocecal valve flaps closed when chyme exerts backwards pressure
26
Q 
Large intestine
Unique features 
Regions 
Rectum and anus
Be able to label slide 48
A

Unique features:
A) teniae coli
-3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis
B) haustra
-pocket like sacs caused by the tone if the tenia coli

Regions:

  • cecum
  • colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum: three rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas
  • anal canal: the last segment if the large intestine

Sphincters:
Internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle: ANS
external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle: somatic nerve control

27
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  • Vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed
  • major function is propulsion of feces toward the anus
  • colon is not essential for life
28
Q

Defecation:

A
  • Mass movement force feces into rectum
  • Distension initiates spinal defecation reflex
  • parasympathetic signals
    • stimulate contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum
    • relax the internal anal sphincter
  • conscious control allows relaxation of external anal sphincter -somatic

CHI 108 (24 decks)

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