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Microbiology Midterm 2 > Lecture 22: Childhood Viruses > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Childhood Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What virus causes measles

A

paramyxovirus (related to mumps and RSV)

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2
Q

Where is measles most common in

A

worldwide occurrence, epidemics were common in North America prevacination but are rare now

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3
Q

What childhood virus is common in recent years in Canada

A

Measles due to anti-vaccers

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4
Q

When was the vaccination for measles implemented

A

1963

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5
Q

When and why was the second dose of the measles vaccine implemented

A

1980s, when it was failed to eliminate measles completely

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6
Q

How is measles transmitted

A

Airborne

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7
Q

What happens when measles is first caught

A

After initial replication in respiratory tract, it disseminates (viremia)

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8
Q

How long does it take to develop a rash with measles

A

about 2 weeks

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9
Q

what does the measles rash look like

A

maculopapular rash evolves from face to trunk to extremities (including palms and soles)

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10
Q

what are symptoms/diagnose measles besides the rash

A

fever, and the 3 Cs: cough, coryza and conjunctivitis

Koplik spots (little sugary spots on the mucosa next to the molar teeth)

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11
Q

What are complications of measles

A

common in kids and young adults in the developing world where malnutrition (vitamin A deficiency) are prevalent

Otitis media, pneumonia (hospitalizations are common), encephalitis, death

Can be communicable 4 days before and up to 4 days after development of the rash (may have it but don’t know it, can still transmit)

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12
Q

How is measles diagnosised

A

IgM antibody levels or presentation

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13
Q

Describe the measles vaccine

A

a live virus vaccine administered with mumps and rubella as MME, or with mumps, rubella and Varincella as MMRV

now double and single dose

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14
Q

What is another name for Rubella

A

Germany measles, “less severe measles”

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15
Q

What type of virus causes Rubella

A

Togavirus (an RNA virus)

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16
Q

How is rubella transmitted

A

respiratory droplet and vertically to the fetus

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17
Q

How long does it take for the rash to develop in rubella (incubation period)

A

2-3 weeks

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18
Q

Rashes in Rubella infections may be ____ especially in young kids

A

sub-clinical/ don’t know they have them

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19
Q

What is an issue with the rashes in Rubella

A

they are often mistaken for other rash illnesses and drug reactions

Don’t see these rashes that often so hard to differentiate

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20
Q

What are symptoms/complications of Rubella

A

Adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)

Adults may also get mild arthritis

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21
Q

What is the biggest complication of Rubella

A

congenital rubella due to vertical transmission

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22
Q

Explain vertical transmission in Rubella

A

Most infections and complications occur in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy (85% transmission rate to fetus)

Infant defects can involve:
Cardiac abnormalities
Cataracts/blind
Deafness
Brain, liver, and organ damage

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23
Q

How is Rubella diagnosed

A

IgM antibody detection

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24
Q

What is another name for Erythema infectiosum

A

Fifth disease, or slap check syndrome

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25
Q

What is the virus that causes Erythema infcetiosum

A

Parvovirus B19 infection

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26
Q

How is Erythema infcetiosum transmismitted

A

Respiratory droplets
Vertical (mom to fetus)

27
Q

How is Erythema infcetiosum most common in

A

worldwide infection

very common in early childhood and about 50% are infected by age 19

28
Q

Describe the rash in Erythema infectiosum

A

Distinct facial rash/slapped cheek spraying the areas around the mouth

Lacy pink rash of the extremities

29
Q

Describe the vaccine in Erythema infectiosum

A

there is no vaccine

30
Q

How is erythema infectiosum diagnosed

A

Antibody detection (IgM)

31
Q

What are complications of Erythema infectiosum

A

may cause miscarriage or fetal abnormalities if pregnant women are infected

32
Q

What virus causes mumps

A

paramyxovirus

33
Q

How is mumps transmitted

A

droplets

fomites contamination by saliva

34
Q

Who is mumps most common in

A

occurs worldwide

uncommon because of vaccine use, especially after the introduction of a second dose of MMR

35
Q

What happened with the NS Mumps Epidemic in 2007

A

Pockets of unvaccinated people started this

The population that started this was grade 12, 1st and 2nd year uni students, because they were the last cohort that didn’t get the second MMR vaccine leading them to be more susceptible and spread the virus

36
Q

What virus causes the chickenpox

A

varicella-zoster virus, which is a member of the Herpesviridae virus (have it for life)

37
Q

How is chickenpox transmitted

A

Airborne

38
Q

___% of non-immune household contacts will become infected with chickenpox

A

90%
very infectious

39
Q

Before the vaccine, children were usually infected by the age of ___ with chickenpox

A

15

40
Q

What is the progression of a chickenpox rash

A

macule > papule > vesicle > hustle > ulcer > crust
“Dew drop on a rose pedal”

41
Q

What type of room does someone who is the hospital with chickenpox go in

A

a negative pressure room that keeps the air sucked into the room

42
Q

If you are working in the hospital and are exposed to chickenpox’s what happens

A

draw serum if you are not immune she can work until day 8 or 9, then will be sent home until day 18 or 21 if she is prophylaxis

43
Q

How does the chickenpox virus infect

A

the virus replicates in the throat and spread during secondary viremia to skin, reticuloendothelial tissue - rarely to lungs and brain (can but this can be a complication)

44
Q

What is the incubation period of chickenpox

A

11-13 days

45
Q

What are complications of chickenpox’s

A

Pneumonia very serious espically in immunocmprimised, and 15% of adults will develop

Severe infectious in newborns whose mothers are non-immune

CNS involvement (Quite rare: 1/200)

Because it is so itchy it can cause a bacterial super-infection (S. aureus, S. pyogenes)

46
Q

What virus causes shingles

A

same as chickenpox (varicella zoster) reactive in their body

47
Q

Who is most likely to get Shingles

A

adults: 10-20% of adults will eventually get shingles

must be exposed to chickenpox to get it

People with altered cell mediated immunity are most susceptible

48
Q

How does the shingle virus infect

A

Virus becomes latent in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia, reactivating later in life

49
Q

What is the shingles rash characterized by

A

characterized by inflammation of sensory nerves and their ganglia and a localized vesicular rash along the distribution of the nerve

Sensory nerves = pain = inflammation

50
Q

What is the biggest complication of shingles

A

intense post-herpetic neuralgia, an area of your body that burns for the rest of your life

51
Q

What is the diagnosis of shingles

A

clinical syndorme recognition

PCR

IgM antibody measurement is useful to determine the immune status of a exposed individual

52
Q

What are the vaccines used to prevent varicella-zoster infections

A

Chickenpox vaccine

Shingles vaccine (there’s two)

VG immune globulin (VZIG)

53
Q

Describe the chickenpox vaccine

A

a live vaccine that may produce mild chickenpox

54
Q

Describe the shingles vaccine

A

There was one that was made for people that are older than 50 years old who have had chickenpox, this one was bad because it immunity ways and people are most likely to get shingles at age 65

Another vaccine Shingrix (2 shots) very good, vaccine makes you feel really bad after = very reactive vaccine

55
Q

Describe the VZIG vaccine

A

it is a post exposure prophylaxis/instant protection used for congenital or acquired immunodeficiency

Newborn of a mother developing chickenpox from 2 days to 5 days after delivery

Not given to normal adult because its a blood product

56
Q

Treatment for varicella zoster infections

A

airborne precautions/negative pressure rooms while in hospitals for chickenpox

Acyclovir may be used in the immunocompromised host and in patients with varicella pneumonia or with CNS infections
- these drugs may also be useful in the treatment of patients with zoster

57
Q

What is another name for Coxsackieviruses

A

Echoviruses, and hand foot and mouth disease

58
Q

What family is coxsackieviruses part of

A

Picornavirus family

59
Q

How is Coxsackieviruses transmitted

A

fecal-oral

60
Q

When is Coxsackieviruses most commonly obtained

A

Mostly summer and fall viruses

61
Q

How many of Coxsackieviruses infections are asymptomatic

A

50-80%

62
Q

Who is Coxsackieviruses (vesicular) most common in

A

kids, coxsackie A16, sore throat, vesicles, fever, cutaneous lesion including hand and feet

63
Q

What do skin rashes look like in those with Coxsackieviruses

A

Can cause skin rash and can look mimic other other virus infections

Microbiology Midterm 2 (15 decks)

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