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Microbiology Midterm 2 > Infections of International Public Health > Flashcards

Infections of International Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What additional pubic health measures may be required

A

restricting international movement

screening travellers for fever

setting up and treatment protocols in advance

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2
Q

What is the West Nile virus caused by

A

misquote borne by West Nile virus, a member of flavivirus genes (enveloped +ve sense RNA virus; an arbovirus)

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3
Q

What is an arbovirus

A

arthropod borne virus

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4
Q

Who are the natural hosts of the West Nile virus

A

birds, transmitted by mosquitoes

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5
Q

When does West Nile virus most often occur

A

occurs in summer/fall when and just after mosquitos are active

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6
Q

who are dead end hosts in West Nile virus

A

humans as viremia is short lived and low level

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7
Q

How do birds infect mosquitos in West Nile virus

A

birds have high numbers of virus in blood so infect biting mosquitos

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8
Q

Why are humans and horses referred to as dead end hosts in west nile virus

A

because they don’t get high numbers of virus in the blood so do not infect mosquitos

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of WNV

A

60-80% are asymptomatic

fever aches and pains, headphones and malaise, up to 50% have a rash

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10
Q

What can severe WNV progress into

A

meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or paralysis or other neurological conditions, with risk of death

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11
Q

Who is the most at risk of getting severe WNV

A

old and immunosuppressed

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12
Q

Are there congenital anomalies in WNV

A

no. but infection can be transmitted to newborn if it occurs at time of birth in the mother

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13
Q

How is WNV diagnosed

A

serology either IgM or rising IgG titres. BUT serology can cross react with other flavivirus infections

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14
Q

How does encephalitis present

A

as fever, headache, that progresses to vomiting, confusing, and may cause coma and even death

mat be persisting brain damage after recovery

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15
Q

What other arboviruses can also cause encephalitis

A

eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE) and others

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16
Q

What is the diagnosis for encephalitis

A

serology (serum and CSF)

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17
Q

What is mosquito borne caused by

A

dengue virus - a member of flavivirus genus (enveloped +ve sense SS RNA virus)

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18
Q

How many serotypes are there in dengue virus

A

4 serotypes, immunity to only that serotype develops after infection

Reinfection with a new serotype may cause severe disease “dengue hemorrhagic fever”

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19
Q

Where does dengue occur

A

endemic in the tropics, may cause outbreaks

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of dengue

A

many people have minimal symptoms (up to half)

dengue fever - 2-7 days high fever, myalgia, arthralgia (“break bone fever”), macular-papular rash

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21
Q

What are the two potential progressions of dengue

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS)

But a small amount of people develop this

develop plasma lead and bleeding, phase lasts about 1-2 days, but life threatening

Followed by convalescent phase and recovery, may develop rash

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22
Q

What is the treatment for dengue

A

no antivirals available

Fluid replacement and intravascular fluid volume support for DHF/DSS

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23
Q

What is the prevention for dengue

A

vaccine only if previously have had dengue
- with the vaccine, subsequent infection may cause severe dengue, if no previous infection)

Avoid mosquitos
use repellents: DEET, picaridin, lemon eucalyptus
- permethrin on clothes

removal of mosquito habitat: removal of water contains habitats to prevent mosquito reproduction

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24
Q

What is yellow fever cause by

A

flavivirus

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25
What transmitted yellow fever
aedes aegypti or hamemagogus spp. mosquitoes
26
Where is yellow fever predominate
in tropics, in Africa and South America
27
Urban yellow fever transmission
human-mosquito-human
28
Savannah yellow fever transmission
human-mosquitos-monkey-mosquito-human
29
sylvatic or forest yellow fever transmission
primarily monkey-mosquito with human spread
30
What is the incubation period for yellow fever
3-6 days
31
what are the symptoms of yellow fever
initially fever, flu like illness nausea vomiting, then recovery viremia îs high in first few days, can infect mosquitoes nucleic acid detection is useful in this stage 1 in 7 develop jaundice bleeding and shock: risk of death is high
32
What is the most common type of diagnosis of yellow fever
serology but cross reacts with other flaviviruses
33
What is the treatment for yellow fever
avoid aspirin (promotes bleeding) no anti-virals
34
What is the prevention for yellow virus
avoid mosquitoes vaccine - generally say and effective
35
What is the zika virus caused by
a flavivirus that's an RNA virus, in the arbovirus group
36
How is zika virus transmitted
mosquito borne (Aedes spp), but also person-person by sexual contact, found in semen for up to 6 months after acute infection
37
Where did Zika virus orientate
Africa
38
What are the symptoms of Zika
relatively mild: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pains
39
What are the major risks of Zika
birth defects espically microcephaly when the babies head is too small when born Guillain barre syndrome can occur (paralysis)
40
What is the diagnose for Zika
NAAT for virus in the first 14 days, resume, urine serology (cross reacts with flaviviruses) ultrasound for congenital defects if they get it to observe the fetus
41
What is the treatment for Zika
no treatment is available no vaccine is available
42
What is the prevention for zika
avoid mosquitoes - avoid travailing to risk areas - use of DEET or other repellents - screened windows, air conditioning, mosquito nets - mosquito control use of condoms if exposure to Zika is a concern, esp if pregnant
43
What is the Plague caused by
yersinia pestis, a bacteria of the enterobacteriaaceae
44
Who is the plague transmitted by
fleas and their natural hosts are rodents, esp rats but can be human
45
What was the Black Death caused by
plague
46
What are the two types of plague
bubonic (flea transmission) pneumonic (transmitted person-person) WORSE coughing up organism so spreading it more
47
Describe bubonic plague
causes painful enlarged lymph nodes (buboes) with headaches and malaise and "flu-like" illness, progresses to sepsis and DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) and death
48
Descrive pneumonic plague
aggressive pneumonia that progresses rapidly to sepsis and death
49
What is the diagnosis for plague
made culture of blood, discharge of bubo, sputum
50
What is the treatment for plague
streptomycin or doxycycline may be effective
51
What is ebola and viral hemorrhagic fever cause by
filoviruses, enveloped single stranded negative sense RNA viruses
52
Where does Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever occur
in Africa can cause outbreaks
53
What is the natural host of Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever
a bat
54
What are the symptoms of Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever
headache, fever, lack of energy, sore throat, muscle aches; progresses to vominting blood and diarrhea, then bleeding from all oxides and internal bleeding
55
How is ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever diagnosed
by detection of viral nucleic acid
56
What is treatment for ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever occur
vaccine for ebola now, made in Canada
57
What virus causes rabies
lyssavirus, negative SS RNA viruses
58
who gets rabies
zoonosis, including; bats, skunks, raccoons, dogs in developing world, cows in Argentina
59
How does the rabies virus get into you
total entry may be minor wound or scratch
60
what is the incubation period rabies
1-2 months or longer, days if face is affected as its a lot worse because its closer to the CNS
61
What are the symptoms of rabies
pain at site of inoculation, progresses to headaches, malaise, seizures, hallucinations, disorientation, coma and death
62
What is the prevention of rabies
wash wound, rabies immune globulin, and anti rabies vaccine (4 doses over 1 month) generally effective prior to symptoms immunization of all domestic cats and dogs; workers at risk
63
how is diphtheria transmitted
person to person by respiratory droplet or skin contact (cutaneous diphtheria)
64
When are diphtheria outbreaks most common
outbreaks occur where immunization rates fall (Yemen recently) Endemic in tropics most people are protected by immunization (but waning immunity in elderly)
65
What is diphtheria caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
66
What are the two types of diphtheria
respiratory or cutaneous
67
describe respiratory diphtheria
pharyngitis with development of grey may cause death as a result of toxin (toxic to the heart) or asphyxiation from membrane
68
Explain cutaneous diphtheria
skin ulcers most often seen in homeless people in western US
69
What is tetanus cause by
clostridium retain an anaerobic gram positive rods, produces spores found in soil
70
What are the symptoms of tetanus
difficulty swallowing, tight jaw muscles, prolonged muscular spasms of extensor and flexor muscles from minor stimuli
71
How do you become infected with tetanus
raised from wound infection by C. retain with local production of toxin - often puncture wounds, may not appear infected Toxin inhibits CNS inhibition of peripheral nerves at the spine (paralysis)
72
How do you treat tetanus
wound cleaning, penicillin and tetanus antitoxin (human tetanus Ig)

Microbiology Midterm 2 (15 decks)

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