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Microbiology Midterm 2 > Infections of International Public Health > Flashcards

Infections of International Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What additional pubic health measures may be required

A

restricting international movement

screening travellers for fever

setting up and treatment protocols in advance

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2
Q

What is the West Nile virus caused by

A

misquote borne by West Nile virus, a member of flavivirus genes (enveloped +ve sense RNA virus; an arbovirus)

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3
Q

What is an arbovirus

A

arthropod borne virus

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4
Q

Who are the natural hosts of the West Nile virus

A

birds, transmitted by mosquitoes

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5
Q

When does West Nile virus most often occur

A

occurs in summer/fall when and just after mosquitos are active

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6
Q

who are dead end hosts in West Nile virus

A

humans as viremia is short lived and low level

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7
Q

How do birds infect mosquitos in West Nile virus

A

birds have high numbers of virus in blood so infect biting mosquitos

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8
Q

Why are humans and horses referred to as dead end hosts in west nile virus

A

because they don’t get high numbers of virus in the blood so do not infect mosquitos

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of WNV

A

60-80% are asymptomatic

fever aches and pains, headphones and malaise, up to 50% have a rash

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10
Q

What can severe WNV progress into

A

meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or paralysis or other neurological conditions, with risk of death

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11
Q

Who is the most at risk of getting severe WNV

A

old and immunosuppressed

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12
Q

Are there congenital anomalies in WNV

A

no. but infection can be transmitted to newborn if it occurs at time of birth in the mother

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13
Q

How is WNV diagnosed

A

serology either IgM or rising IgG titres. BUT serology can cross react with other flavivirus infections

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14
Q

How does encephalitis present

A

as fever, headache, that progresses to vomiting, confusing, and may cause coma and even death

mat be persisting brain damage after recovery

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15
Q

What other arboviruses can also cause encephalitis

A

eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE) and others

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16
Q

What is the diagnosis for encephalitis

A

serology (serum and CSF)

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17
Q

What is mosquito borne caused by

A

dengue virus - a member of flavivirus genus (enveloped +ve sense SS RNA virus)

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18
Q

How many serotypes are there in dengue virus

A

4 serotypes, immunity to only that serotype develops after infection

Reinfection with a new serotype may cause severe disease “dengue hemorrhagic fever”

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19
Q

Where does dengue occur

A

endemic in the tropics, may cause outbreaks

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of dengue

A

many people have minimal symptoms (up to half)

dengue fever - 2-7 days high fever, myalgia, arthralgia (“break bone fever”), macular-papular rash

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21
Q

What are the two potential progressions of dengue

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS)

But a small amount of people develop this

develop plasma lead and bleeding, phase lasts about 1-2 days, but life threatening

Followed by convalescent phase and recovery, may develop rash

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22
Q

What is the treatment for dengue

A

no antivirals available

Fluid replacement and intravascular fluid volume support for DHF/DSS

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23
Q

What is the prevention for dengue

A

vaccine only if previously have had dengue
- with the vaccine, subsequent infection may cause severe dengue, if no previous infection)

Avoid mosquitos
use repellents: DEET, picaridin, lemon eucalyptus
- permethrin on clothes

removal of mosquito habitat: removal of water contains habitats to prevent mosquito reproduction

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24
Q

What is yellow fever cause by

A

flavivirus

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25
Q

What transmitted yellow fever

A

aedes aegypti or hamemagogus spp. mosquitoes

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26
Q

Where is yellow fever predominate

A

in tropics, in Africa and South America

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27
Q

Urban yellow fever transmission

A

human-mosquito-human

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28
Q

Savannah yellow fever transmission

A

human-mosquitos-monkey-mosquito-human

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29
Q

sylvatic or forest yellow fever transmission

A

primarily monkey-mosquito with human spread

30
Q

What is the incubation period for yellow fever

A

3-6 days

31
Q

what are the symptoms of yellow fever

A

initially fever, flu like illness nausea vomiting, then recovery

viremia îs high in first few days, can infect mosquitoes

nucleic acid detection is useful in this stage

1 in 7 develop jaundice bleeding and shock: risk of death is high

32
Q

What is the most common type of diagnosis of yellow fever

A

serology but cross reacts with other flaviviruses

33
Q

What is the treatment for yellow fever

A

avoid aspirin (promotes bleeding)

no anti-virals

34
Q

What is the prevention for yellow virus

A

avoid mosquitoes

vaccine - generally say and effective

35
Q

What is the zika virus caused by

A

a flavivirus that’s an RNA virus, in the arbovirus group

36
Q

How is zika virus transmitted

A

mosquito borne (Aedes spp),

but also person-person by sexual contact, found in semen for up to 6 months after acute infection

37
Q

Where did Zika virus orientate

A

Africa

38
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika

A

relatively mild: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pains

39
Q

What are the major risks of Zika

A

birth defects espically microcephaly when the babies head is too small when born

Guillain barre syndrome can occur (paralysis)

40
Q

What is the diagnose for Zika

A

NAAT for virus in the first 14 days, resume, urine

serology (cross reacts with flaviviruses)

ultrasound for congenital defects if they get it to observe the fetus

41
Q

What is the treatment for Zika

A

no treatment is available

no vaccine is available

42
Q

What is the prevention for zika

A

avoid mosquitoes
- avoid travailing to risk areas
- use of DEET or other repellents
- screened windows, air conditioning, mosquito nets
- mosquito control

use of condoms if exposure to Zika is a concern, esp if pregnant

43
Q

What is the Plague caused by

A

yersinia pestis, a bacteria of the enterobacteriaaceae

44
Q

Who is the plague transmitted by

A

fleas and their natural hosts are rodents, esp rats but can be human

45
Q

What was the Black Death caused by

A

plague

46
Q

What are the two types of plague

A

bubonic (flea transmission)

pneumonic (transmitted person-person) WORSE
coughing up organism so spreading it more

47
Q

Describe bubonic plague

A

causes painful enlarged lymph nodes (buboes) with headaches and malaise and “flu-like” illness, progresses to sepsis and DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) and death

48
Q

Descrive pneumonic plague

A

aggressive pneumonia that progresses rapidly to sepsis and death

49
Q

What is the diagnosis for plague

A

made culture of blood, discharge of bubo, sputum

50
Q

What is the treatment for plague

A

streptomycin or doxycycline may be effective

51
Q

What is ebola and viral hemorrhagic fever cause by

A

filoviruses, enveloped single stranded negative sense RNA viruses

52
Q

Where does Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever occur

A

in Africa can cause outbreaks

53
Q

What is the natural host of Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever

A

a bat

54
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever

A

headache, fever, lack of energy, sore throat, muscle aches; progresses to vominting blood and diarrhea, then bleeding from all oxides and internal bleeding

55
Q

How is ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever diagnosed

A

by detection of viral nucleic acid

56
Q

What is treatment for ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic fever occur

A

vaccine for ebola now, made in Canada

57
Q

What virus causes rabies

A

lyssavirus, negative SS RNA viruses

58
Q

who gets rabies

A

zoonosis, including; bats, skunks, raccoons, dogs in developing world, cows in Argentina

59
Q

How does the rabies virus get into you

A

total entry may be minor wound or scratch

60
Q

what is the incubation period rabies

A

1-2 months or longer, days if face is affected as its a lot worse because its closer to the CNS

61
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies

A

pain at site of inoculation, progresses to headaches, malaise, seizures, hallucinations, disorientation, coma and death

62
Q

What is the prevention of rabies

A

wash wound, rabies immune globulin, and anti rabies vaccine (4 doses over 1 month) generally effective prior to symptoms

immunization of all domestic cats and dogs; workers at risk

63
Q

how is diphtheria transmitted

A

person to person by respiratory droplet or skin contact (cutaneous diphtheria)

64
Q

When are diphtheria outbreaks most common

A

outbreaks occur where immunization rates fall (Yemen recently)

Endemic in tropics

most people are protected by immunization (but waning immunity in elderly)

65
Q

What is diphtheria caused by

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

66
Q

What are the two types of diphtheria

A

respiratory or cutaneous

67
Q

describe respiratory diphtheria

A

pharyngitis with development of grey

may cause death as a result of toxin (toxic to the heart) or asphyxiation from membrane

68
Q

Explain cutaneous diphtheria

A

skin ulcers most often seen in homeless people in western US

69
Q

What is tetanus cause by

A

clostridium retain an anaerobic gram positive rods, produces spores found in soil

70
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus

A

difficulty swallowing, tight jaw muscles, prolonged muscular spasms of extensor and flexor muscles from minor stimuli

71
Q

How do you become infected with tetanus

A

raised from wound infection by C. retain with local production of toxin - often puncture wounds, may not appear infected

Toxin inhibits CNS inhibition of peripheral nerves at the spine (paralysis)

72
Q

How do you treat tetanus

A

wound cleaning, penicillin and tetanus antitoxin (human tetanus Ig)

Microbiology Midterm 2 (15 decks)

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