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HUBS192 > Lecture 21: Stomach and Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Stomach and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdomen

  • Parietal layer:
    lines the body wall
  • Visceral layer:
    covers the organs

Between these layers is a fluid filled space

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2
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Retroperitoneal:
posterior to the peritoneum

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3
Q

What is the mesentery and what is its function?

A

Mesentery:
Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to body wall

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4
Q

What is an omenta and what is its function?

A

Omenta:
Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

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5
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

J-shaped organ
* Located at the base of the esophagus
* Esophagus passes through diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)

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6
Q

What structure prevents reflux?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents reflux

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7
Q

What are the four main parts of the stomach and where are these located?

A
  • Fundus - top part of stomach where gases can build up
  • Cardia - area around where the esophagus enters the stomach
  • Body - the main section of the stomach
  • Pylorus (pyloric antrum) - The end section close to where the stomach enters the duodenum
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8
Q

How is the stomach held in place?

A

Held in place by the two omenta:

Lesser omentum:
Stomach to liver

Greater omentum:
Stomach to transverse colon

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9
Q

How is the muscularis modified for the stomach?

A

It is modified for motility, with three layers (new inner layer):

  • Oblique (inner)
  • Circular (middle)
  • Longitudinal (outer)
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10
Q

What modifications are made to the submucosa of the stomach?

A
  • Rugae are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach (~1.5L)
  • Core of submucosa
  • Important for storage
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11
Q

What modifications are made to the mucosa of the stomach?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • In-folding increases surface area for secretion – gastric
    glands
  • Glands do not flatten
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12
Q

What does the stomach need to function? (think secreted things)

A
  • Acid and enzymes for digestion
  • Mucous for protection
  • Hormones for regulation
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13
Q

What do the gastric pits (top part) above gastric glands secrete?

A

Secrete mucous (protection) (goblet cells)

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14
Q

What are the three types of cells in gastric glands?

A

Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells (bottom of gastric gland)

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15
Q

What do chief cells produce and what are some properties of the cell?

A

Chief Cells: Produce enzymes
* Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum within the cell
* Apical zymogen granules (contain pepsinogen)
* Basal nucleus

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16
Q

What do parietal cells produce and what are some properties of the cell?

A

Parietal Cells: Produce acid
* Pump ions (H+)
* Abundant mitochondria
* Central nucleus
* Folded structure to increase surface area

17
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Hormones (gastrin)

18
Q

How is the stomach controlled?

A

Endocrine Control
* Endocrine cells in mucosa
* Gastrin and Ghrelin secreted into the bloodstream
Gastrin = stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid which is crucial for digestion
Ghrelin signals to the brain the stomach is empty and it is time to eat

Neural control:
* Enteric nervous system (ENS) - local reflexes (primary control)
* CNS modulates ENS function – long neural reflexes

19
Q

How does digested material (chyme) enter the small intestine?

A

Through the pyloric sphincter, allowing for controlled release into the duodenum

20
Q

What is required as chyme enters the small intestine from the stomach?

A

Requires:
– Further digestion (enzymes)
– Protection from acidic chyme
* Mucous
* Neutralize acid

Mucous provided by glands in the submucosa of the
duodenum.

Enzymes and bicarbonate provided by pancreas

21
Q

How are the enzymes and bicarbonate produced transported into the small intestine from the pancreas?

A

Release of these substances is controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincter (at end of pancreatic duct). This lies close to the Duodenal papilla – which projects into the duodenal lumen (allowing the substances to enter the SI)

21
Q

What is the shape and position of the pancreas?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Head in C-shaped duodenum
  • Tail to spleen
  • Posterior to the stomach
  • Duct into duodenal lumen
22
Q

What are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine:
* Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon
* Pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin

Exocrine:
* Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
* Duct cells secrete bicarbonate

23
Q

What is the structure and function of acinar cells?

A

Structure:
* Apical zymogen granules
* Basal nucleus
* Abundant rough ER

Function:
* Secrete enzymes

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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