Lecture 21: Renal Acid- Base Regulation

Question 1

what is an acid?

Answer 1

compound that realize H+ ions

Question 2

Do strong acids dissociate completely? weak acids?

Answer 2

strong=yes

weak= no

Question 3

What do weak acids dissociate into?

Answer 3

hydrogen ions

conjugate base

Question 4

What are bases?

Answer 4

compounds that accept H+ ions

Question 5

What is volatile acid?

Answer 5

excreted from lungs
carbon dioxide
product of cellular aerobic metabolism

Question 6

What is a nonvolatile acid?

Answer 6

excreted from kidneys
sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
ketoacids, lactic acid, salicylic acid

Question 7

What is pH defined as?

Answer 7

-log[H+}

Question 8

What is the Henderson hasselbalch equation?

Answer 8

pH= pKa + log ([A-]/ [HA])

Question 9

What are the major systems regulating H+?

Answer 9

chemical acid base buffer systems of the body fluids
respiratory center
kidneys

Question 10

What is a buffer?

Answer 10

a substance that can reversibly bind H+

consist of weak acid and conjugate base

Question 11

What does a bicarbonate buffer system consist of?

Answer 11

weak acid

bicarbonate salt

Question 12

If you add a strong acid to a bicarbonate buffer system, what happens?

Answer 12

leads to formation of weak acid

Question 13

If you add a strong base to the bicarbonate buffer system. what happens?

Answer 13

leads to formation of weak base

Question 14

What is the most important cellular buffer system?

Answer 14

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 15

What is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 15

decrease bicarbonate

Question 16

What is metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 16

increase bicarbonate

Question 17

What is respiratory acidosis?

Answer 17

increase CO2

Question 18

What is respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 18

decrease CO2

Question 19

What does the phosphate buffer system play a major role in?

Answer 19

buffering renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids

Question 20

The primary method for removing nonvolatile acids is through ______

Answer 20

renal excretion

Question 21

What are the mechanisms for regulating extracellular H+?

Answer 21

kidneys reabsorb filtered bicarbonate ions
kidneys can secrete hydrogen ions
kidneys produce new bicarbonate ions

Question 22

Where does hydrogen ion secretion occur in the kidney tubule?

Answer 22

all parts of the tubules except descending and ascending thin limbs of the loop of henle

Question 23

Where does most bicarbonate reabsorption occur in the kidney tubules?

Answer 23

proximal tubule

Question 24

tubular epithelium secretes hydrogen ion via ______ _____ transport

Answer 24

primary active

Question 25

Lower limit of pH that can be achieved in normal kidneys?

Answer 25

4.5

Question 26

What buffers are important in allowing larger amounts of hydrogen ion to be excreted?

Answer 26

phosphate buffer system

ammonia buffer system

Question 27

How are excess hydrogen ions eliminated?

Answer 27

through binding with phosphate or ammonia ions

Question 28

How can kidneys handle alkalosis?

Answer 28

by failing to reabsorb all the filtered bicarbonate ions

Question 29

Decrease in bicarb ions = ______

Answer 29

metabolic acidosis

Question 30

Increase in carbon dioxide = _______

Answer 30

respiratory acidosis

Question 31

What is the primary compensatory response to respiratory acidosis?

Answer 31

increase in plasma bicarbonate ion due to addition of new bicarbonate but the kidney

Question 32

What is the primary compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?

Answer 32

increased ventilation rate

renal compensation: adds new bicarb ion to extracellular fluid

Question 33

What is the compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 33

reduction in plasma bicarbonate ion concentration caused by renal excretion of bicarbonate ion

Question 34

What is the compensatory response to metabolic alkalis ?

Answer 34

decreased ventilation

increased renal bicarbonate ion excretion