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HYDROLOGY > LECTURE 2.1: Hydrology (The Atmosphere) > Flashcards

LECTURE 2.1: Hydrology (The Atmosphere) Flashcards

1
Q

It is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting

A

Meteorology

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2
Q

These are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology

A

Meteorological Phenomena

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3
Q

Refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity

A

Atmosphere

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4
Q

What is the composition of earth’s atmosphere?

A

21% - Oxygen
78% - Nitrogen
0.09% - Argon
0.03% - Carbon Dioxide
0.07% - Trace Substances

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5
Q

What are the trace substances in the atmosphere?

A

Neon
Helium
Methane
Water Vapor
Krypton
Hydrogen
Xenon
Ozone

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6
Q

What are the different layers of the earth’s atmosphere?

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

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7
Q
  • the lowest layer and closest to the Earth’s surface
  • contains approximately 75% of the Earth’s atmosphere
  • about 99% of the total atmospheric water vapors and aerosols are presebt
A

Troposphere

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8
Q
  • found to be the high-temperature region and the temperature decrease along with increased altitude
A

Troposphere

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9
Q

The outer membrane of the troposphere is called?

A

Tropopause

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10
Q

What happens when the temperature rises, the density is low

A

Troposphere Expansion

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11
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in temperature, the density is high

A

Troposphere contraction

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12
Q
  • the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere
  • the significance of this region is the presence of an ozone layer
  • the temperature increases along with an increase in altitude
  • atmospheric condition is stable
A

Stratosphere

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13
Q

The outermost region of tge stratosphere is called?

A

Stratopause

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14
Q

It is a special kind of cloud found in tye lower layer of the stratosphere

A

Nacrose

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15
Q
  • the coldest region of the Earth’s atmosphere is found in the mesosphere
  • a few weather condutions like a particular type of cloud formed here
  • also known for the destructive region for meteors
A

Mesosphere

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16
Q

It is the outermost region of the mesosphere

A

Mesopause

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17
Q

This is a type of cloud formed in the layer of mesosphere

A

Polar mesospheric noctilucent cloud

18
Q
  • the height of this layer varies due to increased solar activities
  • temperature may reach 1500 degrees celsius yet, due to the least number of atoms, the heat energy remains
  • auroras are also seen in this sphere specifically in the ionosphere
  • hydrogen and helium ions are present in the outer layer of this sphere
A

Thermosphere

19
Q

This is where the international space station is located

A

Thermosphere

20
Q
  • the outermost layer of the atmosphere that directly connects with space
  • atoms and molecules are present in this region and move extremely fast
  • a very thin layer of air is present in this layer
A

Exosphere

21
Q

It is the condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time

A

Weather

22
Q

It is a weather pattern typical for an area over a long period of time

A

Climate

23
Q

It is the ability of the atmosphere to retain its position and determines the motion of air particles

A

Atmospheric Stability

24
Q

These are the types of Atmospheric Stability

A

Stable
Unstable
Neutral

25
Q

This refers to the volume of air, large enough to contain a great number of molecules, but small enough so hat energy (heat) and mass (air molecules) are nearly constant within boundaries

A

Air Parcel

26
Q

It means no exchange of energy with the outside environment

A

Adiabatic

27
Q

These are two types of Adiabatic Process

A

Adiabatic Cooling
Adiabatic Warming

28
Q

The rate of atmosphere decrease of the rising dry air parcel, it is usually 9.8 degrees centigrade per kilometer.

Dry condensed less when going and latent heat of evaporation is less compared to normal lapse rate, hence temperature decrease is more with altitude.

A

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

29
Q

The global average tropospheric lapse rate is 6.5 K/km-1, which is stable dry lifting

A

Dry Stability

30
Q

The rate of temperature decrease of the rising humid air parcel, it is usually 4.5 degrees cebtigrade per kilometer.

The latent heat evaporation is released more when air goes up, hence temperature decrease is less of rising air and creates stability

A

Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate

31
Q

These are types of Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate

A

Absolutely Stable
Absolutely Unstable
Conditionally Unstable

32
Q

The atmosphere is said to be in this condition if the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate

A

Absolutely Stable

33
Q

The atmosphere is said to be in this condition if the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate

A

Absolutely unstable

34
Q

The atmosphere is said to be in this condition if the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rate

A

Conditionally Unstable

35
Q

Variables influencing the Atmosphere

A

Temperature
Pressure
Humidity
Cloudiness
Winds

36
Q

Different types of instruments

A

Thermometer
Hygrometer
Barometer
Anemometer
Wind Vane

37
Q

It is an instrument used to measure the air temperature

A

Thermometer

38
Q

It is an instrument used to measure the humidity of the air

A

Hygrometer

39
Q

It is an instrument used tomeasure air pressure

A

Barometer

40
Q

It is an instrument used to measure wind speed

A

Anemometer

41
Q

It is an instrument used to determine the direction from which air is moving and usually mounted at the highest peak on the roof

A

Wind Vane

HYDROLOGY (4 decks)

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