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Digestion & excretion physiology > Lecture 21 - acid base physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - acid base physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does a high acid level affect the body?

A
  1. high acid levels can alter shapes of proteins
  2. can cause hyperkalemia in ECF
  3. can cause hypercalemia in ECF
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2
Q

How do high acid levels in the body alter shapes of proteins?

A
  • the free h+ ions disturb existing hydrogen bonds
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3
Q

How does high acid levels cause hyperkalemia?

A
  • high acid levels cause acid to enter into cell and K+ to leave into the ECF
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4
Q

How does high acid levels cause hypercalcemia in the ECF?

A
  • high H+ reduce the amount of Ca2+ bound to albumin causing increased Ca2+ levels in the ECF
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5
Q

How do high base levels affect the body?

A
  • hypocalemia in ECF - low levels of K+
  • can alter the shape of proteins
  • can cayse hypocalcemia in the ECF
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6
Q

How are strong acids and strong bases dissociated?

A

they are completely dissociated in aqueous solution

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7
Q

How are weak acids and bases classified in terms of dissociation?

A

they are partially dissociated in aqeuous solution

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8
Q

What is a buffer solution?

A

a solution in which when an acid or base is added to it - the buffer solution minimises the change in PH

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9
Q

What acids contribute to our daily acid load?

A
  1. carbonic acid - acid produced by the hydrolysis of CO2 (ie CO2 binding to water)
  2. non carbonic acid
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10
Q

What is an acid-base disorder?

A

change of normal value of the extracellular PH that may result when renal or respiratory function is abnormal

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11
Q

What is acidemia?

A

a lower than normal arterial PH

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12
Q

What is a alkalemia?

A
  • a higher than normal arterial PH
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13
Q

What is acidosis?

A

a process leading to acidemia (lower PH) - can be of respiratory or metabolic origin

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14
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

a process leading to alkalemia- again can be of metabolic or respiratory origin

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15
Q

What are the different chemical buffers in the body?

A

bicarbonate system
haemoglobin system
protein system
phosphate system

they can bind to acids if the PH is decreased

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16
Q

What is the overview of the role of the lungs in acid-base balance?

A
  • metabolism of fats/carbs results in the formation of CO2 which is exhaled by the lungs
  • lungs can increase of decrease ventilation rates depending on the concentration of CO2 in the blood
17
Q

What is the overview of the role of the kidneys in acid base balance?

A
  • the metabolism involving proteins or foods containing phosphates or sulfates produces non carbonic acids which are excreted by the kidney
  • if the blood is too acidic- the kidney can excrete H+ and increase HCO3- reabsorption and production in the PCT
  • if the blood is too basic, the kidney can excrete more HC03- and reabsorb H+
18
Q

What are the 4 main acid-base disorders?

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • metabolic alkalosis
19
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A
  • HYPOVENTILATION - breathing too slow
  • this is when the plasma concentration of CO2 (ie pCO2) is too high and the breathing rate / ventilation of the lungs is not sufficient enough to eliminate all the CO2 being produced in the body
20
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • HYPERVENTILATION - breathing too fast
  • this occurs when the** plasma concentration of CO2 is too low**, (pCO2 is too low) and the ventilation of the lungs is too fast and more CO2 is being eliminated than the amount being made in the body
21
Q

what is metabolic acidosis?

A
  • fall in plasma HCO3-
22
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis?

A

when the plasma HCO3- concentration is too high

23
Q

what are compensation processes in terms of acid base orders? What 2 headings do they lie under?

A
  • the mechanisms that are activated to bring plasma PH back to normal values
  • repsiratory compensation (ie increae or decrease ventilation)
  • renal compensation (ie increase/ decrease reaborption of H+ or HCO3-)
24
Q

what is the normal range of pCO2 in the body?

A

36-44 mmHg

25
Q

what is the normal plasma conc range of HCO3-?

A

normal range is 22-26mM

26
Q

How can we see whether the acid base disorder is metabolic or respiratory when given values for pC02 and plasma PH?

A
  • using ROME
  • respiratory opposite metabolic equal
  • ie if the alteration of the pCO2 changes in the opposite direction of the PH, then it is respiratory
  • if the alteration of the pCO2 is equal to the direction of the PH, then it is metabolic

Digestion & excretion physiology (24 decks)

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