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Digestion & excretion physiology > Lecture 11: renal histology, renal func & renal circulation > Flashcards

Lecture 11: renal histology, renal func & renal circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Regulation of H20 and electrolyte balance (varying output of H20 with intake and independently vary input and output of minerals eg sodium Na+)
  2. Excretion of metabolic waste and bioactive substances ( eg urea from protein, creatinine from muscle creatine)
  3. Regulation of arterial blood pressure ( they regulate the blood volume using the renin RAAS system)
  4. Regulation of rbc’s production ( major site of rbc stimulating hormone EPO production)
  5. Regulation of vitamin D production ( Calcitriol (active form of vit D ) made in kidney)
  6. Gluconeogenesis ( formation of glucose from non carb substances eg protein and lipids
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2
Q

How do the kidneys regulate rbc production?

A
  • kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin - this hormones role is to stimulate bone marrow to make rbc’s
  • released when oxygen levels are low
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3
Q

what is the RAAS system?

A
  • Renin - Angiotensin- Aldosterone System

hormone system that regulates blood pressure in arterials

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4
Q

What components is the urinary system composed of?

A
  • kidneys (left and right) - right is lower due to large liver on right side
  • ureters’ - tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder
  • Bladder - stores urine, composed of smooth muscle
  • urethra - tube that allows urine to exit from bladder
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5
Q

What is the peritoneum? what does retroperitoneal mean?

A
  • tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen
  • retroperitoneal means the area outside/ behind the peritoneum
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6
Q

What is the external structure of a kidney?

A
  • Hilum - penetrated by the renal artery, renal vein, & renal pelvis
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7
Q

what is the predominant type of tissue in the renal capsule (layer around kidney)? what is it surrounded by?

A
  • type of tissue found in capsule = fibrous connective tissue
  • surrounded by perinephric fat and perinephric fascia (adipose capsule of kidney)
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8
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions in the internal structure of a kidney ?

A
  • Cortex (location of the glomerulus of nephrons)
  • the medulla ( consists of nephrons tubules)
  • the renal pelvis
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9
Q

What is the medulla further divided into? And what consists between the cortex and medulla?

A
  • further divided into the outer medulla ( next to cortex) and the inner medulla
  • a boundary lies between the cortex and medulla ( see image)
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10
Q

What arteries are present in the kidney - list them in order of branching out?

A
  1. renal artery ( where blood enters kidney)
  2. segmental artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. interlobular artery

then afferent arteriole into the glomerular capsule …

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11
Q

Where are arcuate arteries and veins located in the kidney?

A
  • corticomedullary boundary
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12
Q

where are the interlobular veins and arteries located in the kidney?

A

the cortex

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13
Q

what is a nephron? what does it consist of ?

A
  • the functional unit in a kidney
  • consists of :
  1. renal corpuscle (site of filtration of blood) containing bowman’s capsule (space around glomerulus) and glomerulus ( capillaries)
  2. Renal tubule
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14
Q

What is the structure of a nephron?

A
  • glomerulus & bowmans capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle- descending limb and ascending limb
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct - cortical & medullary collecting duct
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15
Q

How does the filtrate from the glomerulus enter the bowmans capsule?

A
  • the bowman’s capsule is interlinked with the proximal tubule etc
  • filtrate flows through the glomerular barrier to the bowman’s capsule
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16
Q

What regions of the tubule does the cortex contain?

A
  • distal convoluted (complex) tubule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • cortical collecting duct
17
Q

What regions of the tubule does the outer medulla contain?

A
  • proximal straight tubule (pars Recta)
18
Q

What regions of the tubule does the inner medulla contain?

A
  • descending loop of henle
  • ascending loop of henle
  • papillary collecting duct
  • medullary collecting duct
19
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle ? what is the function of the renal tubules?

A
  1. filtration of blood
  2. reabsorption and secretion - helping to form urine
20
Q

What is the difference in function between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A
  • proximal - func - reabsorption of filtrate
  • distal - func - regulation of water, electrolyte and H+ balance
21
Q

What are 2 distinct types of nephron in the kidney?

A
  1. cortical nephrons - lie in the outer cortex and have short loops of henle that barely penetrate the medulla
  2. Juxtamedullary ( near medulla) nephrons - lie in the innr cortex and have long loops of henle that lie in the inner cortex
22
Q

Compare the difference in blood supply to the cortical nephrons and the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • cortical nephrons - efferent arterioles take blood away from glomerulus enters capillary network called the peritubular capillaries
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons - efferent arterioles take blood away from glomerulus follows loop of henle down to medulla in a set of long loops (vasa recta )
23
Q

Compare the difference in function in cortical nephrons vs juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • cortical - responsible for most of the re-absorption in the kidney
  • juxtamedullary - involved in formation of concentrated and diluted urine
24
Q

What are the interlobular veins?

A
  • any of the veins in the kidney that empty into the arcuate veins
25
Q

Where are the glomeruli of the cortical vs juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A
  • cortical nephrons have glomeruli in the outer cortex
  • juxtamedullary have glomeruli near the cortical - medullary boundary
26
Q

what are medullary rays?

A
  • middle part of a cortical lobule (or renal lobule)
  • located in cortex but ‘medullary” refers to their destination, not their location
  • consists of bundles of renal tubules
27
Q

What 3 structures make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • Macula densa of thick ascending limb (columnar epithelial cells that act as salt sensors)
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells (specialized smooth muscle cell that regulates blood flow)
  • Granular cells of afferent arteriole ( specialized smooth muscle cells that manufacture, store & release renin)
28
Q

What epithelial cells are present in different regions of the renal tubule?

A
  • all tubules are a single layer of epithelial cells NB
  1. Proximal tubule - simple cuboidal epithelial cells
  2. Thin ascending and descending limbs-squamous epithelium
  3. thick ascending limb and distal tubule -cuboidal epithelium
  4. collecting duct cells - columnar epithelium (principal - NA+ reab and K+ secretion and intercalated cells -acid base balance)
29
Q

What are the major divisions of a nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • thin and thick limb of loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting tubule
30
Q

Describe the division of vasculature in the kidney

A
  • kidney receives blood from renal artery
  • renal artery divides into 2 or more ateries @ the hilium
  • in renal sinus, they branch into interlobular arteries
  • interlobular arteries branch further into arcuate arteries and afferent arterioles
31
Q

How does blood leave the glomerular capillaries?

A

via the efferent arteriole which branch out to form the peritubular capillaries

32
Q

The difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons is that cortical nephrons have their glomeruli in the cortex whereas the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons are located in the medulla. True or false?

A
  • False - the glomeruli of the juxtamedullary nephrons are located near the medulla (juxta = near)
33
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by granular cells of the juxtamedullary apparatus - true or false?

A
  • False - the mesangial cells are smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow
34
Q

What are the 3 general types of tubules that occur in the cortical labyrinth and medullary rays of the cortex?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting ducts ( in medullary ray)
35
Q
A
  • What region shown - cortex
  • Tubules labelled A and B -
  • A = proximal tubule as it has an occluded ( closed ) lumen - presence of microvilli on epithelial cells of lumen
  • B= distal convoluted tubule - clear lumen, no microvilli present
36
Q

What are tubules in the cortex surrounded by?

A
  • peritubular capillaries - tiny blood vessels that travel alongside the nephron to allow reabsorption & secretion between blood and inner lumen of nephron
37
Q

Why is blood flow reduced from the cortex to the inner medulla?

A
  • crucial to prevent hyperosmolar gradient in the medullary interstitium from being washed away

Digestion & excretion physiology (24 decks)

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