Lecture 21

Question 1

Caffeine is an ___ that is used as a stimulant.

Answer 1

alkaloid

Question 2

An ___ is a secondary plant product, and a chemical ___ containing basic ___ atoms. It has physiological and/or psychological effects on the nervous system. Examples include caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, morphine, methamphetamine, mescaline…

Answer 2

alkaloid, compound, nitrogen

Question 3

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and ___. It ___ blood pressure, ___ blood vessels, and increases the heartbeat.

Answer 3

respiration, increases, constricts

Question 4

There are medical benefits to ___. Moderate consumption (___/day) can enhance the pain-relieving effects of aspirin and acetaminophen, among others. It can protect against ___ ___, ___ of the liver, heart disease, and it can reduce ___.

Answer 4

caffeine, 400mg, Parkinson’s disease, cirrhosis, depression

Question 5

Coffee, or ___ ___, is native to ___. Its seeds occur in coffee berries (___). The fruit pulp is ___ to free the seeds, and then roasting and grinding bring out ___ ___.

Answer 5

Coffea arabica, Ethiopia, cherries, fermented, essential oils

Question 6

Coffee was originally an Arabian drink used by ___, from around the ___00s. In ___, a Venetian trader introduced it to Europe, and by ___00s, there were coffee houses there, but by the end of the century, they mostly disappeared.

Answer 6

worshippers, 12, 1615, 17

Question 7

In the ___ in America, there was a resurgence of coffee houses.
There have been coffee houses in ___ for the last 30 years.

Answer 7

1960s, Japan

Question 8

___ and ___ are the world’s leading producers of coffee.

Answer 8

Brazil, Vietnam

Question 9

Coffee trees take ___-___ years to bear fruit. When they do, they give ___-___ kg of berries per year for up to ___ years.

Answer 9

3-5, 2-3, 35

Question 10

The coffee trade is only second to the oil trade - $___ billion per year, with ___ million farmers in over ___ countries.

Answer 10

19, 25, 50

Question 11

Tea was invented by Emperor ___ ___ in 2737 BCE. ___ billion cups are consumed each day.

Answer 11

Shen Nung, 3

Question 12

Tea is native to ___, India, China, and Burma. It’s still largely grown here. Caffeine, essential oils, ___, and ___ contribute to its flavors and stimulating properties.

Answer 12

Tibet, theanine, tannins

Question 13

Tea is made with the ___ leaves of a small tree, ___ ___ from the family Theaceae.

Answer 13

tip, Camellia sinensis

Question 14

___ tea is fermented, ___ tea is not, ___ is semi.

Answer 14

Black, green, oolong

Question 15

Green tea can reduce the risk of ___ and ___ cancer. Black tea can lower ___ ___ levels.
Tea can boost immunity; ___ in tea (or ___) are powerful antioxidants that prevent ___ ___ damage.

Answer 15

breast, prostate, LDL cholesterol, polyphenols, tannins, free radical

Question 16

___ discourage herbivores from eating leaves. They also work as stains, dye, inks, and tanning agents for leather; thus, they can stain teapots and the teeth of habitual tea-drinkers.

Answer 16

Tannins

Question 17

Tea was introduced to Europe early in the ___00s, about the same time as coffee. It quickly became important.

Answer 17

16

Question 18

In 1904, the ___ was invented by a New York tea importer named Thomas Sullivan.

Answer 18

teabag

Question 19

The cacao tree, or ___ ___, is native to C. and S. America. The ___ ___ and ___ lead the world in cacao bean production.

Answer 19

Theobroma cacao, Ivory Coast, Brazil

Question 20

___ was a bitter ___ ___ beverage made from roasted and coarsely ground cacao beans, with added spices, chili pepper, and ___ beans. Boiling water was added and the mixture was whipped until foamy. It might have been like mole sauce today.

Answer 20

Chocolatl, Central American, vanilla

Question 21

In 1502, Columbus saw that natives of the ___ islands used ___ ___ as money and for a spicy beverage.

Answer 21

Caribbean, cacao beans

Question 22

In 1828, a Dutch chemist developed a process to get rid of some of the ___, or cocoa butter, in cacao. In 1847, an English company added ___ ___ and sugar to ground cacao beans to make chocolate.

Answer 22

fat, cocoa butter

Question 23

Cacao grows in football-shaped pods that form directly on the main trunk of the ___ ___ tree. Inside the fruit are ___-___ seeds (or beans) surrounded by a white, sweet, sticky ___.

Answer 23

Theobroma cacao, 20-40, pulp

Question 24

When cacao pods are ripe, the pulpy seeds are removed and allowed to ___, during which time the chocolate taste and aroma develop. The beans are ___ and shipped to processing centers to be ___.

Answer 24

ferment, dried, roasted

Question 25

After roasting, cacao seeds are cracked open to free the large ___ (“nibs”). Nibs are crushed to produce a dark, brown, oily paste - the chocolate ___, which can be solidified into squares of baking chocolate. Cocoa ___ can be removed to produce cocoa ___.

Answer 25

cotyledons, liquor, butter, powder

Question 26

___ ___ is added to chocolate liquor to make chocolate candy. It is the main ingredient for white chocolate. It can also be used for suntan lotions, soaps, and cosmetics.

Answer 26

Cocoa butter

Question 27

The ___ process when making chocolate involves a mechanical kneading and stirring that gives chocolate its ___.

Answer 27

conching, smoothness

Question 28

Coca-Cola is made from the seeds of the ___ tree, ___ ___.

Answer 28

kola, Cola nitida

Question 29

The kola tree (___ ___) is native to West Africa, and is a relative of the cacao tree. Each pod has ___ seeds, which can be used as stimulants and appetite suppressants. They have small quantities of ___, which acts as a heart stimulant.

Answer 29

Cola nitida, 8, kolanin

Question 30

Kola seeds’ fleshy coats are removed and the seeds are allowed to ___. Then, the seeds are ___ and ___.

Answer 30

ferment, dried, pulverized

Question 31

In 1886, Dr. John Stith Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, concocted a beverage using carbonated water, caramel coloring, extract of ___ ___, extract from powdered ___ ___, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, and lime juice.

Answer 31

coca leaves, kola seeds

Question 32

___ extracts are still used in Coca-Cola, but since 1903, the cocaine has been removed.

Answer 32

Coca

Question 33

___ and ___ are 2 caffeinated S. American beverages.

Answer 33

Mate, guarana