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Bio Final Fall 2024 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In many herbaceous perennial plants, modified stems serve as a protected ___ ___.

A

food reserve

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2
Q

Aboveground / horizontal stems that produce buds and roots at the nodes = ___ or ___.

A

stolons, runners

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3
Q

Stolons, or runners, are ___ and ___ modified stems.

A

aboveground, horizontal

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4
Q

Strawberries produce ___, or ___, as their modified stems.

A

stolons, runners

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5
Q

Underground / horizontal stems = ___.

A

rhizomes

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6
Q

Rhizomes are ___ and ___ modified stems.

A

underground, horizontal

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7
Q

Ginger plants produce ___ as their modified stems.

A

rhizomes

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8
Q

___ are the enlarged storage tips of a ___.

A

Tubers, rhizome

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9
Q

Short vertical stem with thick leaves = ___.

A

bulb

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10
Q

Short vertical stem with dry, papery leaves = ___.

A

corm

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11
Q

Corms are short ___ stems with ___, ___ leaves.

A

vertical, dry, papery

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12
Q

Bulbs are short ___ stems with ___ leaves.

A

vertical, thick

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13
Q

Onions and tulips are examples of ___.

A

bulbs

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14
Q

Taro is an example of a ___.

A

corm

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15
Q

Bulbs store food in the ___, while corms store food in the ___.

A

leaves, stem

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16
Q

Unlike other starchy staples, bananas are ___ ___, even though modern cultivars are ___.

A

true fruits, seedless

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17
Q

Modified fibrous roots that become fleshy = ___ roots.

A

tuberous

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18
Q

Food-storing organs for biennials = ___ roots.

A

tap

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19
Q

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), and cassava are all considered to be ___ ___.

A

starchy staples

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20
Q

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and cassava are examples of ___ ___.

A

tuberous roots

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21
Q

Carrots, rutabagas, and turnips are examples of ___ ___.

A

tap roots

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22
Q

The white potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a member of the family ___, or the ___ family.

A

Solanaceae, nightshade

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23
Q

___, ___, ___, and ___ ___ are all members of the Solanaceae / nightshade family.

A

tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, white potatoes

24
Q

The white potato (Solanum tuberosum) originated high in the ___ Mountains, was introduced to Europe in the mid-late __00s, and by the 1700s, people in Ireland were eating ___-___ lbs of potatoes each day, leading to a population explosion.

A

Andes, 15, 8-12

25
Q

In the mid-late 1840s, the most lethal pathogen of the potato - ___ ___ - which causes the disease ___ ___ ___ ___ - struck Ireland.

A

Phytophthora infestans, late blight of potato

26
Q

Phytophthora infestans is a ___ that attacks and destroys a potato’s leaves and stems, stopping tuber growth. Tubers rot in the ground or even later in storage. In cool wet weather, it can kill a plant within a week.

A

fungus

27
Q

Late blight disease first appeared in Europe in ___, probably accidentally carried with new varieties of potato from C. or S. America. It caused ___-___% crop losses. Over ___ ___ people died and ___ ___ emigrated. It led to a ___% population decline in Ireland.

A

1844, 75-80, one million, 1.5 million, 30

28
Q

During the potato famine, people were encouraged to extract ___ from the blighted potatoes for soup.
The ___ from the fungus caused miscarriages and birth defects, as well as stunted intelligence in children.

A

starch, alkaloid

29
Q

Although native to the Americas, the white potato (Solanum tuberosum) was introduced to N. America through European colonizers, anywhere from the early __00s to the early __00s.

A

16, 17

30
Q

The word “potato” stems from the Arawak Indian word “batata,” which actually refers to the ___ ___.

A

sweet potato

31
Q

About one-third of the US potato harvest is ___ ___, while one-half is ___ to make other products.

A

consumed fresh, processed

32
Q

The white potato = ___ ___.

A

Solanum tuberosum

33
Q

Solanum is a large genus with over ___ species and almost ___ cultivars. In the US, there are over ___ varieties that account for about ___% of the potato harvest.

A

2000, 6000, 50, 85

34
Q

The potato plant is a ___ ___ ___ with large, ___ ___ leaves. It grows best in ___ climates.
It produces 2 types of stems: ordinary stems with leaves and underground ___that end in ___ (which, anatomically, are modified ___ stems).

A

bushy herbaceous annual, pinnately compound, cool, rhizomes, tubers, dicot

35
Q

Potatoes are cultivated by “seed potatoes” - small pieces with at least 1 ___. It produces genetically ___ plants, thus maintaining desired cultivar traits. Seed potatoes are produced by specialist farmers.

A

eye, identical

36
Q

Asexual reproduction is ___ and produces plants with known desired qualities, but it also generates the same susceptibilities. Most of the potatoes in Ireland were genetically ___.

A

faster, identical

37
Q

Potatoes are rich in ___ (they’re about ___% of their fresh weight). ___ cells within the ___ are filled with starch grains. They’re low in ___ but those that are present are good quality. They’re fat-free, with no ___. Their ___ are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

A

carbs, 25%, Parenchyma, pith, proteins, cholesterol, periderms

38
Q

___ ___ once again poses a major threat to the cultivation of both potatoes and ___. Fungicides develop(ed); new strains of fungus evolve(d) to match them.

A

Late blight, tomatoes

39
Q

The sweet potato, or ___ ___, is a ___ ___ that is part of the ___ ___ family. It is propagated vegetatively from “___.” It requires a long warm growing season, and is susceptible to ___ injury.

A

Ipomoea batatas, storage root, morning glory, slips, chilling

40
Q

___ introduced sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) to Spain/Europe, about ___ years earlier than the white potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is widely grown in ___ countries.

A

Columbus, 50, Mediterranean

41
Q

___ ___ (Ipomoea batatas) are native to tropical S. America, and were cultivated for thousands of years in ___. They are a staple crop in C. America and tropical S. America. They are also cultivated in several Pacific islands and in New Zealand.

A

Sweet potatoes, Peru

42
Q

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are rich in ___, as well as in certain minerals and vitamins. They are especially good for Vitamins ___ and ___. They have about ___% more calories than white potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) but slightly less ___.

A

carbs, A, C, 50, protein

43
Q

Cassava, or Manihot esculenta, is a ___ ___, and a member of the ___ family (Euphorbiaceae). It is also called manioc, ___, or yuca. It is a vital food for millions in the tropics, and ranks fourth as a source of calories for humans in tropical countries. ___ ___ is the only familiar cassava product in the US.

A

tuberous root, spurge, tapioca, Tapioca pudding

44
Q

___ is from S. America, probably Brazil, maybe independently domesticated in C. America. It was a well-established crop in the Americas’ tropics long before Europeans arrived.

A

Cassava

45
Q

Leading producers of cassava today:
Africa (the ___ introduced it to West Africa in the ___00s)
Asia (especially ___ and ___)
S. America (especially ___)

A

Portuguese, 15, Thailand, Indonesia, Brazil

46
Q

The cassava plant is a tall ___ with numerous ___ ___ that are similar in appearance to sweet potatoes, but usually much ___.

A

shrub, tuberous roots, larger

47
Q

Cassava are propagated by ___ ___; none of the ___ is used. They can also be cultivated from the seed, which can lead to new genetic ___. Roots are harvested from ___ months to ___ years.

A

stem cuttings, root, variety, 8, 2

48
Q

Cassava is tolerant to a wide range of moisture and soil conditions, from hot lowlands to cool highlands. However, it needs ___-___ soils to prevent ___ ___.
It can tolerate extended dry periods of up to ___ months, and is resistant to many insects and fungal pathogens.

A

well-drained, root rot, 6

49
Q

Once cassava is harvested, its roots are subject to rapid decay, and must be dried or processed within ___ hours.
Whether a variety is sweet or bitter is based on its concentration of poisonous ___ ___ (HCN). If not removed, this toxin can cause death by ___ ___.
The HCN is liberated by the action of ___ upon ___ ___ present in cassava.

A

24, hydrocanic acid, cyanide poisoning, enzymes, cyanogenic glycosides

50
Q

Sweet varieties of cassava with low levels of ___ ___ (HCN) can be eaten with little preparation: ___, boiling/steaming/frying.
Bitter varieties must undergo extensive preparation to be detoxified before eating. Traditional methods of treating peeled bitter roots vary.

A

hydrocanic acid, peeling

51
Q

In S. America, the traditional preparation of Cassava produces a meal called ___. Peeled roots are ___ and ___ through a ___ (long cylindrical woven basket). One end of this container is tied to a tree; the other is tied to a pole that stretches it and thus expresses juice from the grated pulp.

A

farinha, grated, squeezed, tipiti

52
Q

Grated cassava ___ can be used to prepare a flat ___.

A

meal, bread

53
Q

___ is cassava’s main nutrient - approximately ___% of its fresh weight. It’s very low in ___ (1% or less) and exclusive reliance on it can result in ___.

A

Starch, 30, protein, kwashiorkor

54
Q

___ can be used for animal feed, commercial starch production, food, textiles, paper, pharmaceuticals, tapioca pudding…

A

Cassava

55
Q

___ ___ are partly gelatinized cassava starch made by heating moist cassava flour in shallow pans.

A

Tapioca pearls

56
Q

True yams are a ___ ___, and are important staples in many areas. The genus has several ___ species, of which ___ are major food sources. They’ve been cultivated for over ___ years in tropical ___. Their tubers can get to over ___ ___. They can be prepared similarly to ___, and are mostly made up of ___, with about 2% ___. Medically, they’re an important source of ___, a type of ___ used to make human sex hormones and ___.

A

tuber crop, hundred, ten, 5000, Africa, 80 lbs, potatoes, starch, protein, sapogenins, steroid, cortisones

57
Q

Taro is a type of ___ (___storage stem). It is a member of the Araceae or ___ family. ___, the traditional dish of the native Hawai’ians is prepared from taro. They are mostly ___, 2% ___, and very little ___.

A

corm, underground, arum, Poi, carbs, protein, fat

Bio Final Fall 2024 (4 decks)

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