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BISC 102 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

explain community

A
  • an assemblage of different species inhabiting a common environment and interacting with one another
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2
Q

explain the effects of the 4 interspecific interactions

A

Competition - / -

Consumption + / -

Mutualism + / +

Commensalism + / 0

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3
Q

describe competition

A
  • interaction using the same limiting resource
  • could be inter or intraspecific

ex.
- nutrient competition
- territorial competition
- shading (light) competition

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4
Q

explain mutualism

A
  • interaction that benefits both species

ex.
- insect and flower
- cleaner and host fish
- “oxpecker” collects parasites from zebra, and helps keep watch for zebra predators

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5
Q

explain consumption

A
  • heterotrophy: one organism consumes another for energy and nutrients
  • herbivory: animal eats plant
  • predation: animal kills and eats animal
  • omnivory: animal eats both plants and animals
  • parasitism: small organism feeds on larger host and can be slightly damaging or lethal

ex.
- ectoparasites - take small bits from surfaces (mosquito)
- 2 species of small cookiecutter sharks
- sharks

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6
Q

What is an example of plant commensalism?

A
  • moss and lichen on tree trunks
  • epiphytic plants gain support, light, but no clear benefit to host trees
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7
Q

whats an example of animal commensalism?

A
  • barnacles on wales and turtles
  • sharks and hitchhiking remoras, who get a free ride and eat food scraps left at shark kills
  • cattle disturb insects while feeding, and egrets feed on the insects
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8
Q

What can a species’ niche be defined as?

A
  • a unique set of interactions of a pop with its biotic and abiotic environment
  • the ecological role played by a species in a community
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9
Q

what might a species’ niche depend on?

A
  • tolerance limits (ex. temp range, pH)
  • types and amount of food sources
  • patterns and timing of activities (ex. nesting sites, feeding times, food preferences)
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10
Q

explain a fundamental niche

A
  • the theoretical role of a species in a community
  • its max expression in the absence of competition
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11
Q

explain a realized niche

A
  • the actual role seen in nature

= constrained by competitors and other species in the community

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12
Q

What is character displacement?-

A
  • shift in a trait
  • result of competition
  • but natural selection reduces comp

ex. originally medium beak. but when a species is introduced with small beak but with overlapping data with the medium, the medium beaks shift to larger beaks to minimize competition with the smaller seeds

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13
Q

what is a metapopulation

A

A metapopulation is a population of populations, or a group of groups, that is made up of the same species

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14
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A
  • 2 species cannot permanently occupy the same niche sympatrically
  • one will outcompete the other
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15
Q

When 2 closely related species of Paramecium are grown together in a nutrient solution, P. aurelia always becomes dominant, and P. caudatum disappears. Why?

A

1) competitive exclusion: complete overlap of niches; asymmetric competition (ex. one strong, one weak competitor)

2) reduction in realized niche : partial overlap of niches (natural selection favours individuals that do not compete)

3) character displacement : partial limited overlap of niches; symmetric competition (equally strong) can result in differentiation of traits to reduce competition (beak size, behaviour)

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16
Q

explain warning colouration on certain animals

A
  • aposematic colours
  • bright warning colouration associated with chemical defenses and poisons
  • help to avoid predation
  • might be mistaken for secual selection
17
Q

What is mullerian mimicry?

A
  • when 2 or more toxic species mimic each other
  • look dangerous, are dangerous

ex. paper wasp, bumblebee, honeybee
- all can sting!
- mutualism + / +

18
Q

What is batesian mimics?

A
  • when 2 or more toxic species mimic each other
  • look dangerous, are not dangerous

ex. hornet moth, wasp beetle, hoverfly
- mimics get benefit, models do not
- commensalism + / 0

19
Q

What is the keystone species concept

A
  • the more important specie
  • exert very strong control over the environment of other species in a community
  • changes in their numbers and have many effects on food chains and webs

ex. when a wolf is reintroduced in a community, the food chains and webs are changed and they become a keystone specie

20
Q

give an example of a marine keystone specie

A
  • sea otters
  • they feed on sea-urchins, sea-urchins feed on kelp
  • no kelp = no habitat for fish and other organisms
  • so when sea-otters eat sea-urchins, good habitats
  • otters feed on sea-urchins, species that eat kelp, and when abundant, can decimate kelp beds. Removal of sea otters along the Pacific Coast caused major reductions in kelp, negatively affecting many fish and invertebrates whose habitat includes kelp beds
  • re-introductions allowed predation on urchins to resume, and restored the kelp communities: “kelp forest”
21
Q

What do the food chains do?

A
  • track the flow of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next
22
Q

What do primary producers do?-

A
  • harvest energy (from non-living sources) and convert it to chemical energy
  • photoautotrophs
23
Q

What do consumers do?

A
  • harvest chemical energy from organic molecules
  • heterotrophs
24
Q

What do decomposers do?

A
  • breakdown remains from all trophic levels for recycling of nutrients
25
Q

review a terrestrial food chain and a marine food chain

A

Plant - Herbivore - Carnivore - Carnivore - Carnivore

Phytoplankton - Zooplankton - Carnivore - Carnivore - Carnivore

  • food chains are too simplistic and food webs are more complex but more realistic
26
Q

explain succession

A
  • changes in species composition and structure over time
  • are they predictable?
27
Q

explain primary succession

A
  • describes the change that takes place on a new, soilless surface

ex. a new volcanic surface, or a recently de-glaciated area

28
Q

explain secondary succession

A
  • describes the change that takes place following a disturbance of an existing community

ex. a forest fire, abandoned field, logged forrest

29
Q

What can disturbances do to a habitat?

A
  • can change the local habitats
    ex. availability of light, nutrients, moisture, etc
  • species composition is affected by microhabitat and also by the availability of seeds (ex. those in the soil or transported in) and surviving underground parts (rhizomes, roots) that quickly resprout
30
Q

review a classic plant secondary succession

A
  1. Pioneearing species : weedy species become established in disturbed soils
  2. Early successional community : weedy species are replaced by longer-lived herbaceous species
  3. Mid-successional community : shrubs and short-lived trees begin to invade
  4. Climax community : long-lived tree species mature
31
Q

give some examples of succession at SFU

A
  • logging, springboard cuts on large and old climax forest stumps

Red alder in secondary succession at sfu:
1. many alder seedlings in clearing SFU
2. alder saplings in a burn
3. mid-succession alder trees at B-lot SFU
4. Alder replaced by western hemlock/redcedar forest

BISC 102 (23 decks)

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