Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BISC 102 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the def of animals

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes and chemoheterotroph that ingests and digests food (a monophyletic group)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A
  • obtain both energy and carbon by consuming organic materials (similar to fungi, except animals also ingest food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the simplest living animals?

A

sponges! no true tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Ediacaran?

A
  • sponges are earliest known animal fossils
  • choanoflagellates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Opabinia

A
  • extinct clade and controversial : some thought Arthropod? ; prob an extinct phylum
  • five strange, mushroom-shaped eyes
  • weird proboscis
  • no jointed appendages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe arthropods

A
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • segmented
  • with hardened exoskeletons
  • with JOINTED APPENDAGES (legs, antennae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are non-bilaterian animals?

A

radial or no symmetry (earliest fossils)

ex. sponges, corals, anemones, jellyfishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe sponges

A
  • multicellular but lacks true tissue
  • no symmetry
  • no muscles and nerves
  • all are benthic (lower level)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do sponges feed?

A
  • most are suspension feeders
  • feeding cells capture food particles from water currents moving through cavities in the body
  • many harbour photosynthetic symbionts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do sponges move?

A
  • most adults are sessile
  • limited shape changes occur in some species due to coordinated changes in cells
  • dispersal is typically by ciliated larvae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does sessile mean?

A
  • fixed in one place; immobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do sponges reproduce?

A
  • asexually
  • if sexual, fertilization is often internal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do sponges usually live?

A
  • mostly marine but also fresh waters (~8500 species)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

REVIEW sponges in fresh water

A

if you pull up and rock or a stick in fresh water, there is sponge on it with symbiotic algae so it is green. this allows photosynthetic symbionts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What sponge reef was rediscovered 25 years ago after it was thought to be extinct about 40 million years ago?

A
  • glass sponge reefs off the coast of BC
  • 3 species forming deep reef clutsters
  • very fragile and weighs nothing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

to who are the reefs habitats to?

A
  • important fish and shrimp habitats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of phylum are sponges?

A
  • Porifera
  • has pores and holes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do sponges incorporate

A
  • choanoflagellates which are feeding cells that circulate water with flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are choanoflagellates

A
  • free-living protists
  • ancestral to one of the cell types that inhabit sponges (the choanocytes)
  • other cells are amoeboid and mobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of feeders are sponges and what do they tolerate?

A
  • suspension (filter) feeders on bacteria and organic detritus in water
  • tolerant of low oxygen levels, consistent with a late Precambrian origin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Whats the embryology of sponges?

A
  • a fundamental division in animals is early development, which is diploblastic (2 tissues) in non-bilaterians other than sponges, involving only an external extoderm layer and an internal endoderm layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

give an example of a synapomorphy with the Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • species of anenomes, corals, jellyfish, sea-fans, and hydroids
  • which all produce special stinging cells (cnidocytes)
23
Q

What are bilaterians

A
  • have a bilateral symmetry
  • are triploblastic
  • divided into 2 main groups, the Protostomes and the Deuterostomes
24
Q

What is triploblastic?

A
  • 3 layers: Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
25
Q

explain the protostomes

A
  • subgroup of bilaterians
  • includes most worms, molluscs, and the ANTHROPODS (insects, spiders, crustaceans)
  • development of head end of the embryo before the posterior
26
Q

explain the deuterostomes

A
  • composed of the echinoderms and the Chordata (with a notochord supporting the back at some stage)
  • embryo develops posterior end first, then head
27
Q

describe the evolution of bilaterally symmetrical animals

A
  • development of central nervous system and cephalization
28
Q

explain cephalization

A
  • formation of an anterior head region with concentrated nerve cells
  • nerves are concentrated at the head end
29
Q

Where are sensory appendages concentrated with bilaterally symmetrical animals

A
  • sight, hearing, taste and smell tend to become concentrated in the head region (eyes, antennae, sensory hairs, etc.)
30
Q

for animal diversity, what is the relative diversity of animal lineages (whats the majority)

A
  • most animal species are protostomes
  • about 70% of all known species of animals on Earth are insects, most of them BEETLES
31
Q

how do suspension feeders feed

A
  • capture food by filtering out particles floating in water or air
  • aquatic animals
  • barnacles use specialized legs to capture plankton
32
Q

How do deposit feeders feed

A
  • ingest organic material that has been depostied within a substrate or on its surface
  • earthworms on land
  • sea cucumbers use feeding tentacles to mop up detritus from the seafloor
33
Q

how do fluid feeders feed

A
  • suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice
  • butterflies and moths drink nectar through their extensible, hollow proboscis
34
Q

How do mass feeders feed?

A
  • take chunks of food into their mouths or whole prey organisms
  • lions bite off chunks of meat from prey carcasses
35
Q

explain what each 4 ecological roles feed on

A
  • detritivores feed on dead organic matter
  • herbivores feed on plants or algae
  • carnivores feed on animals
  • omnivores feed on a combination of plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea and/or bacteria
36
Q

What are the 5 different types of limbs

A
  • lobe-like limbs (velvet worms uses to crawl)
  • jointed limbs (crabs, anthropods, vertebrates)
  • parapodia (polychaete worms use bristled parapodia to crawl and swim)
  • tube feet (echinoderms like a sea star uses tube feet to crawl
  • tentacles (octopuses uses them to crawl and grab prey)

LImbs usually for locomotion and feeding

37
Q

What confirms the close relationship between the deuterostomes?

A
  • genomics
  • 4 phyla of deuterostomes: Chordata, Cenoturbellida, Hemichordata, Echinodermata
  • vertebrates are in the phylum Chordata
38
Q

What are the 4 features that all 3 lineages of Chordates share?

A
  • pharyngeal slits or pouches
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • notochord
  • muscular, post anal tail
39
Q

where is the only notochord remnant in adult humans

A
  • the intervertebral disks in the backbone
40
Q

What is the Metaspringgina fossils at Marble Canyon BC cambrian

A
  • Metaspriggina walcotti
  • defintive vertebrate (fish-like) features: notochord, paired eyes, gill bars, swimming fishlike muscles, JAWLESS fish!
41
Q

Whats another way to say tetrapods

A
  • chordates with 4 limbs
42
Q

What are the 3 tetrapod lineages

A
  1. amphibians

AMNIOTES:

  1. mammals
  2. reptiles and birds
43
Q

What are amphibians?

A
  • first land tetrapods
  • most feed on land, but return to water to reproduce
  • external fertilization
44
Q

describe Anura (frogs and toads)

A
  • stout-bodied
  • lacks tail as adults
  • large eyes
  • adults are carnivores
  • 4 limbs
  • external fertilization in water (secual)
45
Q

describe Urodela (Salamanders)

A
  • slender-bodied
  • has tails
  • short 4 limbs
  • large eyes
  • most adults are carnivores
  • sexual reproduction by internal fertilization in water
46
Q

describe Gymnophiona (Caecilians)

A
  • slender-bodied
  • no limbs!!
  • small skin-covered eyes that detect light
  • prey on earthworms and other soil-dwelling animals, invertebrates and small fishes
  • sexual reproduction internally
47
Q

Review first amniotes

A
  • all non-amphibian tetrapods are amniotes
  • animals where females produce an amniotic egg
  • reptiles and mammals forms a sister group: the synapomorphy of amniotic eggs was inherited from a common ancestor
  • 4 membrane-bound sacs (amnion, chorion, idk the rest) enclosed in a shell that provide WATER, NUTRIENTS, GAS EXCHANGE, WASTE SEPARATION AND SUPPORT
  • provides protection for survial on land!
48
Q

WHat are the 4 living reptile lineages

A

Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes)

Testudinia (turtles)

Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators)

Aves (birds)

  • all carnivores except some turtles and some birds
49
Q

describe some traits of reptiles

A
  • amniotic egg
  • thick skin with waterproof scales made of KERATIN to minimize water loss
  • well-developed lungs
  • birds and some extinct dinos has feathers also made of keratin
50
Q

What are some of the key synapomorphies in mammals?

A
  • hair and lactations (milk production from mammary glands)
  • endothermy (trait linked to high activity and tolerance of cool climates)
51
Q

compare the amniotic egg to a placenta

A
  • yolk sac is reduced
  • fluid-filled amniotic sac supports the embryo
  • chorion membrane and the unique placental tissues of marsupials and placental mammals surrounds the sac
  • gas exchange and waste removal is done via the placenta
52
Q

What are the advantages of viviparity (live births)?

A
  • protection inside female
  • constant temp for development
  • embryo is portable
53
Q

review key messages

A
  • vertebrate evolution: highly variable, non-linear, gave rise to many synapomorphies that define lineages
  • loss of adaptations: snake and caecilian amphibians have lost legs, also whales and others; teeth in birds

BISC 102 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions