Lecture 2.1 Flashcards
What is psycholinguistics?
the relationship between psychological processes and language operations
ex. word frequency
What is neurolinguistics?
neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes that go along with language processes
ex. inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) or BA 44+45 responsible for morphosyntactic processing
What is sociolinguistics?
social rules, conventions, and guidelines that determine how we use language
ex. hard drive
What are some psycholinguisttic parameters?
frequency (how often you encounter them/how often they occur)
regularly vs. irregularly spelled words
personally relevant vs. not
syllables, length
imageable (concrete, easily described)
grammatical class (open class - nouns verbs adjectives - more easily retrieved than closed class - prepositions, articles, conjunctions)
homophones (ex. eight and ate - brain competes for which one is being used)
What are the components on the top half of the Ellis and Young model?
input
auditory system (speech), written component (graphemes), visual components (object/picture)
What are the components on the bottom half of the Ellis and Young model?
output
speech, gesture (ASL), written (graphemes)
What is the core of the Ellis and Young model?
semantic system
storage unit
word repository
add to this on a daily basis
What are dual models of word processing?
process-based explanation of word retrieval
limited to single word processing
doesn’t explain how they correspond with physical structures (brain regions, aphasia subtypes)
multiple levels, but 2 stages of word retrival
- semantic (meaning)
- lexical (phonology/morphology/syntax)
What are some of the input modalities of dual models of word processing?
auditory (heard) visual (printed, written, object, gesture, sign language) tactile (feel object, Braille) smell taste
What are the output modalities in dual models of word processing?
spoken
written
gestural/signed
What are the stages of processing a single word?
sensory input recognition/analysis of stimuli conceptualize the stimuli lexical selection formulate/plan output execute output
What occurs in the recognition/analysis of stimuli stage?
recruiting resources to recognize what it is
attention, working memory, selection, inhibition, executive resources
What occurs in the conceptualizing the stimuli stage?
what does this sensory input really mean?
activate semantic networks, select from co-activated concepts and suppress irrelevant
What occurs in the lexical selection stage?
activate all lexical network relevant to semantic concept
select from co-activated lexical competitors and suppress what is not needed
What occurs in the formulation/plan output stage?
activation, selection, suppression among phonemic or graphic representations pending output mode
are we going to say it, write it
What is a discrete stage model of word production? What are the steps?
one system to the next, top down model (no going back, no feedback)
conceptual-semantic representations
step 1: lexical-semantic representations (select a word’s semantic representation)
step 2: lexical-form representations (select the word form)
step 3: phonological encoding (select the phonemes of the word form)
articulation
What is an interactive activation model of word production?
feedback and feedforward mechanisms between features
step 1: word selection - word selected based on activation feeding into lexical network from semantic feature network and phonological network
step 2: phonological encoding - phonemes of the selected word representation are reactivated in the phonological network and encoded for articulation
articulation
What does the neuropscyhological model by Papathanasiou say about how we go from hearing a word to writing it?
number of different pathway options
some allow bypassing of various systems based on what we do or do not know
- ex. pathway 3 can be used when you don’t know how to spell a given word but can try using phoneme to grapheme conversion
What is the basis of the Papathanasiou dual-route model? (reading the word to speaking)
2 paths - multiple way to get message in and out depending on what pathway is preserved
- focusing on how to read a word and say it out loud
1: grapheme to phoneme conversion: try to say the word as it is written
- multiple stages: orthographic lexicon, phonological output lexicon, etc.
- more proper, going through the process
both lead to phonological assembly and then spoken word
What does the neuropsychological model by Papathanasiou say about how we go from seeing a picture to writing?
various pathways of increasing detail
- analyze what you see, go to semantic system
- bypass orthographic output lexicon
etc.
What are some examples of speech errors that occur in everyday speaking situations and in aphasia?
phoneme and phonetic
- substitutions (bat -> mat)
- additions (bake -> brake)
- deletions (brake -> bake)
word-level errors
- semantic (elbow -> knee)
- phonological (moustache -> mushroom)
- blends (lecture + session = sessure)
What is the role of the auditory analysis system (Ellis and Young?
extracts individual speech sounds
determines if signal is speech vs. non-speech
ex. “cat” recognized as a word and analyzed into specific phonemes (acoustic to phonological conversion)
What is the auditory input lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
start to attach meaning
recognition of familiar heard words (do I know this word or not?)
What is the role of the pathway from the auditory input lexicon to the semantic system (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 3
brings information to semantic system once identifying that the word has been heard before
matches heard familiar word to their meaning
What is the role of the semantic system (Ellis and Young)?
storage of meanings/concepts/semantic memory/word knowledge
storage of concepts not associated with biographical memory
where all other processes hinge on
updating this repository on a daily basis
where we assign meaning
What is the role of the visual analysis system (Ellis and Young)?
recognizes and encodes individual graphemes
- decide if symbols are linguistic or non-linguistic
spatially encode grapheme position
group letters from same word together, establish word boundaries
What is the role of the visual input lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
recognizes strings of letters as familiar words
recognize if graphemes for a real word or if they do not (do they follow rules and conventions of the language?)
helps link unfamiliar words/non-words to graphemically similar word to initiate ability to articulate
- may facilitate activation of a visually similar word
- errors made here may result in wrong meaning being activated downstream
What is the role of the pathway between the visual input lexicon and semantic system (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 7
if it looks familiar, need to activate semantic system
matches familiar words to meaning in semantic system
What is the role of the speech output lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
activates spoken word form
retrieval affected by psycholinguistic parameters (word frequency, familiarity, concreteness, length, etc.)
partial activation can occur
What pathways activate the speech output lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
auditory side = #4 (from semantic system)
visual side = #4 and 6 (from semantic system and visual input lexicon)
What is the role of the phoneme level (Ellis and Young)?
individual phonemes are selected and ordered so that the word can be spoken
begin to select and set up phonemes in correct order
- more phonemes = more difficult
no effect of frequency
aka phonological output buffer
What is the role of the pathway between the speech output lexicon and the phoneme level (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 10
modulation between the 2 can go back and forth until phonemes are fully in order
- assist in selection and suppression processes for correctly spoken output
allows for refinement and proofreading of target word
What is the role of the pathway between the auditory input lexicon and the speech output lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 13
helps to complete whole word right from auditory input to written output
recognize a real English word and be able to say it
don’t need to understand the word to produce it (bypasses semantic system)
What is the role of the pathway between the visual input lexicon and the speech output lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
allows reading aloud of irregularly spelled words without needing access to meaning (ex. blepharospasm)
bypasses semantic system
What is the role of the grapheme-phoneme conversion (Ellis and Young)?
allows letter by letter reading of non-words and unfamiliar sounds to sound out
sub-lexical route
What is the role of the graphemic output lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
stores the spelling of familiar words so they are available for writing
stores words with irregular or unpredictable spelling in whole word form
- vs. for regularly spelled words, graphemes can be stored separately
What do the graphemic output lexicon and phoneme-grapheme conversion have in common (Ellis and Young)?
regularization spelling errors
ex. phone = fone, sword = sord
What is phoneme-grapheme conversion (Ellis and Young)?
allows generation of spellings to unfamiliar or invented words
uses sound to letter rules
What is the role of the grapheme level (Ellis and Young)?
contains abstract letter representations
graphemic output buffer
case ambiguous, single form of grapheme
What is the role of the allograph level (Ellis and Young)?
spatial representation of letters
capital vs. lower case, script vs. written
What is the role of the graphic motor patterns (Ellis and Young)?
stores movement patterns to create particular allographs
execute the written word
What is the role of the pathway between auditory analysis system and phoneme level - bypass and feedback route 11 (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 11
bypass and feedback
2 roles
inner speech: inner processing/rehearsal of what speech plan
2: allows for repetition of unfamiliar or non-words without prior knowledge
What is the role of the pathway between the visual analysis system and grapheme level - bypass route 23 (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 23
bypass route
copy unrecognized and meaningless test, words and non-words can be copied without knowing meaning
What is the role of bypass route 11 + 18 (Ellis and Young)?
allow writing to dictation of unknown words
What is the role of bypass route 18 (Ellis and Young)?
phonemes to be assigned letter equivalents
ex. pseudowords to dictation
What is the role of feedback route 12 - speech to heard word (Ellis and Young)?
feedback from our own output to our own input system for modulation of subsequent responses (spoken language)
check if output matches input
What is the role of feedback route 22 - written word to writing (Ellis and Young)?
feedback from own output to our input system for modulation of subsequent responses (what we write)
