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MicroBio > Lecture 20: Viral Human Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Viral Human Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Chicken Pox

A
  • Airborne viral disease
  • humans serve as reservoir and source
  • highly infectious
  • acquired by droplet inhalation into respiratory system
  • Varicella-zoster virus: ds DNA virus
  • Vaccine prevents or shortens illness
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2
Q

Shingles

A
  • Varicella Zoster
    -Individuals who recover from chickenpox have dormant viral DNA within cranial nerves
  • reactivated form of chickenpox
  • Postherpetic neuralgia: Pain persists after vesicles have healed
  • Treatment: antiviral drug
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3
Q

Covid-19

A
  • SARS-CoV-2 a causative virus
  • RNA genome
  • Key proteins: Spike, nucleocapsid, and proteases
  • Mutations changed transmission rates, but NOT virulence
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4
Q

Seasonal influenza

A
  • Airborne Viral diseases
  • orthomyxoviridae: influenza A, B and C virus
  • acquired by inhalation or ingestion
  • Viral particles adhere to host respiratory epithelium and initiate replication cycle
  • Nucleocapsids released into cytosol
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5
Q

Seasonal influenza- recombination

A
  • recombination between RNA segments from human, swine, and avian strains lead to novel HA/NA combinations
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6
Q

Measles

A
  • Rubeola
  • airborne viral diseases
  • negative stranded, enveloped RN a virus in the genus Morbillivirus
  • enters body through respiratory tract
  • symptoms: cough, fever, headache, and conjunctivitis
  • MMR vaccine
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7
Q

Mumps

A
  • caused by mumps virus (MuV)
  • negative strand ssRNA, paramyxoviridae
  • transmitted in saliva and respiratory droplets
  • MMR vaccine
  • Swelling and tenderness of salivary glands after infection
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8
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSv)

A
  • Dangerous cause of lower respiratory infections
  • negative strand RNA virus
  • Spread by direct contact with respiratory secretions
  • Symptoms; fever, cough, rhinitis and nasal congestion
  • treatment: fluid replacement and fever reducers
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9
Q

Rubella

A
  • German measles
  • enveloped positive strand RNA virus
  • Spread through respiratory secretions
  • red spot rash lasts 3 days and appears as immunity develops
  • congenital rubella syndrome
  • vaccine: MMR
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10
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome

A
  • Disease in the first trimester of pregnancy
  • Can lead to fetal death, premature delivery, or congenital defects
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11
Q

Smallpox

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • Transmitted by direct and fairly prolonged face to face contact
  • symptoms; malaise, severe and high body aches, and high fever
  • Only viral disease to be completely eradicated from the world
  • no FDA approved
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12
Q

Chikungunya

A
  • arthropod vectored virus
  • caused by a +ssRNA virus
  • virus is a member of the Togaviridae
  • acute infection manifests with joint pain, fever, headache, rash
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13
Q

Dengue

A
  • arthropod vectored virus
  • Enveloped, +ssRNA virus
  • Antibody-dependent enhancement
    • Occurs when person has
      previously been infected
      with a different DENV
  • Four serotypes (DENV-1 through DENV-4)
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14
Q

West Nile virus

A
  • arthropod vectored virus
  • Caused by a flavivirus,
    +ssRNA virus
  • Transmitted to humans by Culex spp. mosquitoes that feed on infected birds
  • No treatment, no vaccine
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15
Q

Zika virus

A
  • arthropod vectored viruses
  • Enveloped +ssRNA virus in the Flaviviridae
  • Transmitted by many species of Aedes mosquitoes
  • Can be transmitted person to person through bodily fluids (that is, breast milk and semen)
  • Causes birth defects like microcephaly with diminished brain tissue
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16
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • direct contact viral diseases
  • caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    -HIV-1 is widespread in United States
  • HIV-2 is widespread in Africa
17
Q

HIV transmission & life cycle

A
  • Transmitted when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions, or breast milk come in contact with an uninfected person’s mucous membranes
  • Attaches to a host immune cell.
  • Stains infecting macrophages
  • Strains infecting T-cells
  • RNA virus carries reverse transcriptase into host cell
18
Q

Later HIV Life Cycle

A
  • Latency
  • Can remain latent: asymptomatic
  • Can direct synthesis of viral RNA -> synthesis of viral
    particles -> virion assembled, released through budding
19
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A
  • direct contact viral disease
  • Caused by Epstein–Barr
    virus (EBV)
  • dsDNA genome
  • highly prevalent
  • infects B cells
  • mouth to mouth contact
  • rapid diagnostic tests available
20
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • direct contact viral diseases
  • highly prevalent
  • transmitted sexually
  • Some strains cause
    anogenital warts, others
    cause cancer of the cervix
    in women
21
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • direct contact viral disease
  • Infection and inflammation of liver caused by 11 different viruses
  • Hep B: Transmitted through body fluids and contaminated equipment. Vaccine available
    -Hep C: Transmission via contaminated needles, from
    mother to fetus, or through organ transplants. No
    vaccine
22
Q

Hepatitis A + E

A
  • food and water borne viruses
  • *Hep A: Spread by fecal/oral contamination of food, drink, or shellfish
  • Hep E: Spread by fecal/oral contamination of food or water
  • Vaccine for Hep A, but not Hep E
23
Q

Polio

A
  • food and water borne viruses
  • caused by poliovirus
  • Non-enveloped, +ssRNA enterovirus
  • Multiplies in throat and small intestine
24
Q

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

A
  • Zoonotic viral diseases
  • Hemorrhagic fevers
  • transmitted to humans through contact with body fluids
25
Q

Marburg virus

A
  • Zoonotic viral disease
  • Hemorrhagic fevers
  • Rare, severe fever that affects human and nonhuman primates
  • Indigenous to Africa, fruit bat is reservoir host
  • muliorgan dysfunction
26
Q

Rabies

A
  • Zoonotic viral diseases
  • -ssRNA, bullet-shaped virus
  • Primarily transmitted by bites of infected mammals
  • Also transmitted by aerosols in caves where bats dwell or via scratches, abrasions, or mucous membranes with saliva of infected animals

MicroBio (7 decks)

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