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MicroBio > Lecture 18: Bacterial Human Disease I > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Bacterial Human Disease I Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial pathogens- respiratory system

A
  • Most airborne bacterial diseases infect the respiratory system
  • cause disease of sinuses , throat, bronchus, or lungs
  • some can disseminate into the bloodstream
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2
Q

Pneumonia Symptoms

A
  • common symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, and pain on swallowing
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3
Q

Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (Bacterial pneumonia agents)

A
  • treated with macrolides
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4
Q

Steptococcus pnemoniae (Bacterial pneumonia agents)

A
  • treated with tetracyclines or macrolides
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5
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Bacterial pneumonia agents)

A
  • “Atypical”, most common in kids, resistant to B- lactams
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6
Q

Haemophilus influenza (Bacterial pneumonia agents)

A
  • treated with macrolides
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7
Q

Diptheria

A
  • airborne transmission
  • Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae (G+)
  • toxin mediated disease: carries prophage to cause disease
  • destroys cardiac, kidney and nervous tissues by inhibiting protein synthesis
  • Vaccine- preventable (TDaP)
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8
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A
  • airborne, common in HVAC systems
  • caused by Legionella pneumophila
  • aerobic, Gram -
  • outbreaks traced to contaminated water
  • fever, cough, headache, neuralgia and diarrhea
  • treated with Z-pak or fluoroquinolones
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9
Q

pertussis

A
  • whooping cough
  • caused by Bordetella pertussis (gram -)
  • highly contagious
  • Fever, malaise, cyanosis (bluing of extremities due to lack of oxygen)
  • Vaccine preventable (TDaP), macrolides for treatment
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10
Q

Meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the brain or spinal cord meninges
  • Transmitted by respiratory droplets
  • vomiting, headache, lethargy, confusion, sensitivity to light or stiffness in neck
  • vancomycin
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11
Q

Mycobacterial infections

A
  • in soil, water and house dust
  • causes human infections difficult to treat
  • Mycolic acid in cell wall makes mycobacteria acid-fast
  • respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts have been proposed as portals on entry
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12
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
  • spread by droplets and aerosols
  • fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss and cough
  • common among homeless, malnourished, alcoholic males and immigrant population
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13
Q

leprosy

A
  • skin infection
  • caused by Mycobacterium leprae
  • spread in nasal secretions
  • humans and armadillos are only significant reservoirs
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14
Q

Steptococcal disease

A
  • lancefield “group A” strep
  • Caused by step, gram + bacteria
  • streptococcus pyogenes: B-hemolytic streptococci
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15
Q

Streptococcal diseases (Virulence Factors)

A
  1. extracellular enzymes: break down host molecules
  2. Streptokinases: dissolve clots
  3. Streptolysin: kill host leukocytes
  4. Capsules& M protein: limit phagocytosis
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16
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

A
  • strep throat
  • spread by droplets of saliva or nasal secretions
  • pharyngitis or tonsils (tonsillitis)
  • redness, lymph node enlargement in throat
17
Q

Post-streptococcal disease

A
  • glomerulonephritis (bright’s disease): inflammatory disease of the kidney; may require kidney transplant or lifelong dialysis
  • Rheumatic fever: autoimmune disease affecting the heart valves, joints, subcutaneous tissues and central nervous system
18
Q

Anthropod vectored diseases

A
  • direct transmission
  • plague
  • lyme disease
19
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • vector: ticks
  • most common tick borne zoonosis
  • caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
  • rodents are natural hosts
  • complex illness
  • three stages of disease: initial, disseminated, late stage
20
Q

Localized stage (Lyme disease)

A
  • develops 7 to 10 days after infectious bite
  • Expanding, ring shaped skin lesion
  • flulike symptoms
  • docxycline effective in early stages
21
Q

Disseminated stage (lyme disease)

A
  • occurs weeks or months after infection
  • neurological abnormalities, heart inflammation and arthritis
22
Q

late stage (lyme disease)

A
  • occurs years later
  • demyelination of neurons with symptoms similar Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis
23
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A
  • Vector: ticks
  • caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
  • severe headache, high fever,chills, skin rash
  • can destroy blood vessels in heart, lungs, or kidneys, leading to death
24
Q

Bubonic Plague

A
  • Vector: Rodents& Fleas
  • yersinia pestis- gram negative
  • multiply in lymph nodes and disable an effective immune response
  • hemorrhages, fever, chills, headache, extreme exhaustion and enlarged lymph nodes (buboes)
  • treated with streptomycin
25
Q

Y. pestis virulence (bubonic plague)

A
  • type III secretion system: delivers effective proteins to targeted host cells
  • phagocytosed by immune cells and can survive
  • A potential bioterrorism agent
26
Q

Gas Gangrene

A
  • necrotic diseases
  • Caused by Clostridum perfringens; gram +, endospore forming rod
  • infection of skeletal muscle
  • clostridial myonecrosis
  • secretes toxin and tissue damaging enzymes
27
Q

Group B streptococcal diseases

A
  • caused by Gram + streptococcus agalactiae or group b steptococcus
  • causes sepsis, pneumonia, and skin bone infections
  • transmitted maternally to newborns
28
Q

Peptic Ulcers and Gastritis

A
  • caused by gram - Helicobacter pylori
  • colonizes gastric mucus secreting cells
  • produced urease: acts to increase pH
  • increase inflammation
  • though to cause later stomach cancer
29
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • STD
  • due to asymptomatic cases
  • Chlamydia trachomats; most frequently isolated
  • transmitted thru sex
  • transmitted from mother to child during vaginal childbirth
30
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • STD
  • caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Gram -, diplococcus
  • cefriaxone injection to treat
31
Q

Gonorrhea in neonates

A
  • opthalmia neonatorum ( conjunctivitis of the newborn)
  • newborn eyes infected as they pass through an infected birth canal
  • prevention is by erythomycin on eyes of all newborns
32
Q

Syphilis

A
  • STD
  • caused by treponeuma pallidum
  • congenital syphilis: when disease is transmitted in utero to child
  • treatment: benzathine, penicillin or doxycycline
33
Q
A

MicroBio (7 decks)

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