Lecture 20 Special Populations - Ageing/ Older

Question 1

What is the impact of the ageing population

Answer 1

Factors suggesting that the ageing population will increase costs:
¡ The annual costs of health and social care are sig greater for older people.
¡ Hospital admissions for older people has increased
¡ Current projections = high proportion of older people will be living on their own
¡ Care needs are expected to rise by more than 60% in the next 20 years.

Question 2

What is the concept of health ageing?

Answer 2

Disease Burden: Not just having one tging wrong but having multiple health conditions

Mental wellbeing: Links with social and cognitive functon
- Getts lots of interaction between collegaues and peers

• Cognitive function
• Social Function
• Physical function

Question 3

What are the benefits of Physical activity?

Answer 3

¡ Physical and psychological benefits
¡ Disease prevention
¡ Prevention of disability
¡ Maintenance of function and independence

Question 4

What are the current PA guidelines?

Answer 4

¡ At least 150 mins/week of moderate intensity activity (or 75 mins of vigorous)
¡ PA for muscle strength, 2 d/wk.
¡ PA to improve balance and coordination 2 d/wk.
¡ Minimise sedentary (sitting) time.

Question 5

Explain the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)

Answer 5

¡ Ran from 2002 onwards
¡ Over 11,000 people, slightly more women than men.
¡ A nationally representative sample of the English population living in households.
¡ The baseline ELSA cohort consists of men and women born on or before the 29th of February, 1952.
¡ Interviews at baseline (2002-03) were carried out with 11,391 individuals (5,186 men and 6,205 women); the overall response rate was 70% at the household level.

Question 6

What are replacement behaviours?

Answer 6

• If we can put in some light activity and exercise the we can try and reverse this
• We ned to understand the specific person and understand their specific goals and needs.
• We do more sitting down and less activity with age.

Question 7

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 7

• Reduction in strength and power in later years associated with the reduction of muscle mass; this process is terms sarcopenia and is commonly referred to as age related muscle wasting
• Sarcopenia is accelerated by disease and some disorders involving the muscles, bones and joints, and brain function (cognition).
• The link between sarcopenia and cognition suggests those who are diagnosed as suffering from dementia or memory loss due to reduced brain function will have an increased risk of sarcopenia.

Question 8

What are the marked decrease do we see in age related decline?

Answer 8

· Aerobic (Vigorito & Giallauria, 2014),
· Anaerobic (Neder, Jones, Nery, & Whipp, 2000),
· Exercise efficiency (Woo, Derleth, Stratton, & Levy, 2006),
· Strength (Peiffer et al., 2010b)
· Power (Kostka, 2005)
due to declines within the:

· Metabolic system (Hagberg et al., 1988),
· Cardiovascular system (Ogawa et al., 1992; Simoes et al., 2013)
· Hormonal systems (Ari, Kutlu, Uyanik, Taneli, & Buyukyazi., 2004)

Question 9

Explain muscle and ageing?

Answer 9

The ability to successfully generate skeletal muscle power, defined as the product of dynamic muscular force and contraction velocity, is critical for activities that require human movement and locomotion (Reid and Fielding 2012)

Question 10

What changes do we see to muscle mass with ageing?

Answer 10

• The loss of muscle mass appears to be more apparent in some muscles than in others. Kent-Braun et al (2009)
• Rates of decline in size may be changes in the pattern of use of muscle in old age
• In addition, fiber type may play a role, as atrophy of the Type II muscle fibers has been shown to be greater than atrophy of Type I fibers in older adults Kent-Braun et al (2009)

Question 11

Explain muscle fatigue in relation to an issue regarding veloicty

Answer 11

· In response to exercise, there is a transient decrease in the ability to produce torque, a response that is termed muscle fatigue.
· As a result, age-related muscle weakness in older adults may be of greater concern when combined with the effects of muscle fatigue. Kent-Braun et al (2009)
· While a number of studies have demonstrated greater fatigue resistance in older compared with younger adults during isometric contraction. Christie et al 2011
· This fatigue resistance may be lost and even reversed as contraction velocity increases. Callahan & Kent-Braun 2011
· This strongly suggest that there may velocity-dependent mechanisms contributing to muscle fatigue in older adults.

Question 12

Explain tonic fibres

Answer 12

-For postural needs
- Slow twitch
- Low threshold
- Slow to fatigue
- Slow contraction time
-Low refractory time
- Low frequency motor neurone
- More resistant with older age as slow to fatigue adds a level of protection.

Question 13

Explain phasic muscle fibres

Answer 13

• Fast twitch
• More for movement needs
• High threshold
• Fast to fatigue
• Fast contraction time
• Short refractory time
• High frequency motor neurone

Question 14

How much is too much - LOAD

Answer 14

· Understand the fitness requirement
· Understand the person and their limits / potential
· Set the training within periods of load and allow for recovery
· Analyse training and performance metrics
· Periodisation is important for these older individuals.

Question 15

Injury susceptibility in older athletes: describe what a review suggested

Answer 15

Higher incidence of :

Injuries to runners
Overuse injury- High prevalence of injury
Soft tissue related injury
Have to train different as older athletes
Can’t train the same as a mature athlete as you did when you were a young athlete.
Master athletes typically have a longer recovery time.

Question 16

Recovery Strategies

Answer 16

Master athletes typically require longer recovery:

• active recovery
• Stretching
  -Compression garments
• Hydrotherapy
• Sleep
• Massage
• Nutrition

These things are important as the things that we would write down for the individual programme.