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MedSci142 > Lecture 20: Reproduction during the lifetime > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Reproduction during the lifetime Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sex determination?

A

commitment of the Indifferent gonad to a testis or an ovary
-regualted in one gene by humans
When the bi-potential gonad which arises from mesodermal tissue in the early developing body’s gonadal ridge, and by default the gonad will become an ovary, if the Y chromosomes is present, the gonad will develop as testes, if there is a mutation in the SRY gene the gonad will develop into an ovary

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2
Q

How is sex determination controlled in mammals?

A

genetically

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46 chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

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4
Q

What does XX represent?

A

Normal female
y-chromosome is absent
female gonads develop as ovaries
could be X or XXX

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5
Q

What does XY represent?

A

Normal male
y-chromosome present
Male gonads/testes develop

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6
Q

What is the sex determining factor?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome
chromosomally activated
Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosomes

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7
Q

What does the Sex determining Region on the Y chromosome provide?

A

SRY gene provides the Path for the tests to develop
The presence of testis determines the sexual fate of the embryo, against the basic female trend
In the absence or mutation of SRY, the embryo developed int a female

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8
Q

What occurs with menopause?

A

Loss of oestrogen

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9
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

After the Gonad has been determined

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10
Q

What does the Y chromosome contain?

A

a Sex determining region on the Y gene
basis for testes to develop
determines the sex in humans
with it you will form a penis

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11
Q

What is the basic human trend?

A

Everything in the body will become female unless and intervention (y chromes) causes it to form male testes via male testicular hormones - interfere with trend to become female

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12
Q

What happens in the absence of the SRY gene?

A

the human becomes a female

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13
Q

What is the hormonal intervention in sex determination?

A

masculinity must be imposed against an inherent trend towards females
or in other words, hormonal intervention to stop body becoming female

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14
Q

What is sex differentiation?

A

the phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced following gonadal development - affect external and internal genetalia

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15
Q

What is the Internal Genetalia?

A

the female structure (Mullerian duct) and male structure (Wolffian duct)
both present early on in development

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16
Q

When and from where do the gonads develop?

A

Gonads develop from the intermediate mesoderm

during the 5th week of development

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17
Q

What is the Mullein duct?

A

eventually forms structures of the reproductive system in females

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18
Q

What is the Wolffian duct?

A

eventually develop into male reproductive system

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19
Q

When is the undifferentiated state?

A

5th week embryo

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20
Q

What is the undifferentiated state?

A

EARLY in development,
BOTH sets of internal genital ducts are present
- Mullerian duct (female) and Wolffian duct (male)

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21
Q

What is the internal female genital?

A 
uterine tube
uterus
upper part of vagina
\+ male parts regress
= happens by default
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22
Q

Overall what does the Male differentiation involve?

A

Mullerian duct regressions + Wolffian duct development and maintenance
The testis descend from its internal position (para-renal)/High in the Pelvic Cavity to –> the scrotum,
usually after the 7th month

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23
Q

What are the two different types of cells involved in male differentiation?

A

Lydia cells

Sertoli cells

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24
Q

What does the Mullerian duct regression involve?

A

occurs under the control of AMH - Anti-Mullerian Hormone

AMH is secreted by the Sertoli cells

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25
Q

What does the Wolffian duct development and maintenance involve?

A

is due to the testosterone
Testosterone is secretes by the testis –> Leydig cells
This Actively maintains the Wolffian ducts
The wolffian ducts develop into the (male Internal geneitalia) epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

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26
Q

What do the Wolffian ducts develop into?

A

Epidiymis
Vas deferens
Seminal Vesicle

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27
Q

What do the sertoli cells produce?

A

AMH

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28
Q

What produces AMH?

A

Sertoli cells

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29
Q

How many hormones do the testes make and which ?

A

Two

AMH and Testosterone

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30
Q

What is no intervention equivalent to?

A

No male hormones (No AMH or Testosterone present)

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31
Q

At what time in a males life do the testis descend into the scrotum?

A

7months

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32
Q

What does female differentiation occur?

A

9th week

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33
Q

What does female differentiate involve?

A

occurs about the 9th week

is Slower than male differentiation due to there being no active hormonal intervention

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34
Q

What happens in the Wolffian ducts in female differentiation?

A

The wolfing ducts begin to spontaneously regress slowing from about 10 weeks

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35
Q

What happens in the Malarian ducts in female differentiation?

A 
The Malarian ducts persists and develop to give rise to :
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
uterus
cervix
upper vagina
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36
Q

What is external genetalia?

A

the male and female external genetalia develop from a single bipotential precursor

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37
Q

What is the bipotential precursor?

A

early undifferentiated state, no action of androgens yet

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38
Q

What happens during male differentiation?

A

ANDROGENS produced by the testes convert testosterone –> 5a DHT, this brings about most changes in external male genetalia
FUSION of the urethral folds ENCLOSING the urethral tube form the shaft of the penis
-if insufficient androgen, doesn’t occur. won’t urinate from tip of the penis but will from the side (hypospadia)
Labioscrotal swellings tube in midline forming the scrotum (-empty for testes) (scrotalisation)
the genital tubercle (glans area) expands forming glans penis

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39
Q

What is hypospadia?

A

If there is INSUFFICIENT ANDROGEN during the developmental process, the enclosing of the urethral folds to form the urethral tube doesn’t occur and won’t form the shaft of the penis
therefore the male won’t urinate from the tip of the penis, but will urinate from the side

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40
Q

What happens during female differentiation?

A

the urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings remain separate, thus forming the labia minor and major
the genital tubercle (glans area) forms the clitoris

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41
Q

What another name for the glans area?

A

genital tubercle

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42
Q

What is Androgen resistance syndrome?

A
  • the person is XY and has testes - but the genital ducts and/or external genetalia are female
  • the person has a Mutation in their Androgen Receptor Gene which prevents androgen function
  • in the absence of androgen action, the external genetalia which prevents androgen function
  • in the absence of androgen function the external genetalia will appear female - can have testes inside labia
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43
Q

What is puberty?

A

The development of secondary sexual characteristics
and the potential for reproduction is achieved
the physical, emotional and sexual transition from childhood –> adulthood
marked by pulses of LH due to pulses of GnRH, mostly occurs during sleep and becomes something in the day

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44
Q

What is the transition of puberty like?

A

the transition is GRADUAL and is Punctuated by well defined events ad milestones

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45
Q

What happens when there is hormonal changes during puberty?

A 
BEHAVIOURAL responses
physical changes (e.g. body shape in boys/girls determines by diff effects (androgen and oestrogen)
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46
Q

When does the repro system “go to sleep”?

A

following activity in the developing embryo to produce internal and external genitals, the reproductive system “goes to sleep” during childhood –> = about 10 years

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47
Q

What is puberty is relation to the endocrine system?

A

puberty is the RE-awakening of the reproductive ENDOCRINE system, which leads to full secondary maturation with the capacity of reproduction –> hormone lectin

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48
Q

What is the mechanism which holds reproductive function?

A

the mechanisms for keeping reproductive function on hold during childhood are largely unknown, as the neuroendocrine events that trigger puberty

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49
Q

What happens to the plasma levels during puberty?

A

plasma levels of gonadotrophin (FSH and LH) are low during childhood and until initiation of events leading up to puberty and the RISE

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50
Q

What is the Diurnal changes in pulsatile release of LH at puberty?

A

an increase in plasma LH (pulses) levels is the first endocrine sign of puberty - it is the results of an increase in GnRH release
Gonadotropin release (both LH and FSH) occurs EARLY in puberty at night during sleep
At LATE puberty, daytime LH pulses also increase
SEX steroids rise in response to the increase in plasma LH (males testosterone)(female - some follicles growth -produce granulose cells -oestradiol)

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51
Q

What are the sexual characteristics?

A 
characterisits devleop at different chronological ages in different individuals
sequence of these events/changes are characteristic for each sex
staging criteria (tanner stage) allows for abnormalities to be detected, and comparisons made between individuals
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52
Q

What are the 4 Tanners stages during female puberty?

A
  1. breasts
  2. sexual hair development
  3. growth spurt
  4. manarche
    (5-ovulation)
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53
Q

What is the first tanner stage in the female sequence of puberty?

A

Breasts

first sign of 2 secondary maturation

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54
Q

What happens to the breasts during the first stage of female reproduction?

A
  • first sign around 10-11
  • Secretion of oestradiol by ovarian follicle leads to the appearance of a breast BUD, followed by the formation of a breast MOUND
  • high LH causes estradiol production, by granulosa cells of small follicles, which don’t ovulate until later, and don’t mature properly
  • Ovulation, with corpus luteum and therefore subsequent progesterone secretion, leads to full breast development
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55
Q

What is the second event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

Sexual hair development

second sign

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56
Q

What is the role of the male genetalia?

A

provide the link between the inside of the reproductive system –> to the outside world

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57
Q

Where are the testes early on in development?

A

essentially where the ovaries are in woman

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58
Q

What temperature do the testes need to be at to be effective?

A

Below core body temperature

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59
Q

How often does male differentiation occur?

A

in Most boys

-not all, especially boys born EARLY

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60
Q

Does female or male differentiation lag behind?

A

female differentiation is slower as there is NO active hormonal intervention driving the process

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61
Q

What is the Malarian duct essentially in a woman?

A

the structures which take the e.g. out to the vagina

62
Q

What does the early external genetalia look like?

A

undifferentiated
couldn’t tell the difference
(5th week)
same in both males and females

63
Q

Where are the labia scrotal swellings?

A

on the outside of the external genetalia

64
Q

What is the first endocrine sign of puberty?

A

rise in LH

65
Q

What is the first real sign of puberty?

A

rise in GnRH which leads to a rise in LH

66
Q

Why do we have the Tanner stages?

A

age and sequence of steps to ensure everything is okay
-some develop early or late due to some serious reasons
therefore have the Tanner staging criteria to allow for any abnormality to be detected. and to allow for some comparison between individuals

67
Q

What sort of steps does puberty arise in?

A

Puberty arises in a series of discrete steps

68
Q

What happens to sexual hair development during the second event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

sexual hair development is the second sign of 2 secondary sexual maturation

  • occurs usually within 6 months of the appearance of the breast bud at age 10-12
  • due to the exposure of hair follicles to Androgens
  • slow process
  • occurs after breast development
  • auxillary hair (armpit hair) follows= one year after pubic hair
69
Q

What is auxiliary hair?

A

armpit hair

70
Q

When does auxiliary hair form?

A

1 year after the growth of pubic hair

71
Q

What does the early exposure of sexual hair development indicate?

A

Earlier than 6 months after first appearance of breast

Indicate Excess Androgen

72
Q

What is the third event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

growth spurt
body shape - breasts, redistribution go fat due to oestrogen’s
increases pelvis width - for child birth

73
Q

When does the growth spurt occur in girls?

A

11-12 years
(2 years earlier than males)
smaller height gain
shorter time period of growth

74
Q

When does the growth spurt occur in males?

A

13-15

–>grown LATER but grow for a LONGER period –> therefore TALLER

75
Q

What happens during the third event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

Body shape - breasts -redistribution of fat due to oestrogen’s
-increased width of pelvis - for childbirth
Growth is stimulate by steroid hormone (Oestrogen and Androgen)
with an Epiphyseal closure (bony ends) by oestrogen

76
Q

What is the mechanism to end the growth of bones?

A 
Epiphyseal closure (closure of the boney ends)
driven by oestrogen
77
Q

What do males need Oestrogen, even at just low levels?

A

As the Oestrogen triggers the mechanism which ends bone growth,
Epiphyseal closure occurs, closing the boney ends

78
Q

What is the fourth event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

Menarche is the First menstrual bleed

79
Q

What happens during the fourth event in the female sequence of puberty?

A

Menarche occurs at an average age of 12-13 years - first bleed
the first ovulation does not take place until 6-9 months after menarche as the Positive feedback mechanism of Oestrogen have not yet developed
Regular ovulatory cycles are established 1-2 years after menarche
- Most woman only form ager of 20 onwards

80
Q

What is the average age for menarche to occur?

A

12-13 years

81
Q

When is woman normally fertile?

A

a woman is actually fertile/have her first ovulation until 6-9 months after her first menarche

82
Q

When the menstrual cycle consolidate itself?

A

in most woman, not until the age of 20

83
Q

What is the order of 4 events in the male sequence of puberty?

A
  1. Testis
  2. Pubic Hair
  3. Penis
  4. Growth spurt
84
Q

What is the first event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Testicular (and Penile) Enlargement

85
Q

What happens in the first event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Testicular enlargement
First sign of secondary sexual development is the enlargement of the testicles
Lydia cells enlarge and release TESTOSTERONE –> it is this which gives rise to an increased testicular size
due to increased activity

86
Q

What is the second event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Sexual hair growth

87
Q

What happens during the second event in the male sequence of puberty?

A
  1. Pubic hair appears about 6 months after beginning of testicular enlargement of peripheral
  2. Auxillary hair - about 18months later –>
  3. Then facial hair later than that
    Androgen brings about the chance in auxiliary hair, larynx and voice drops
88
Q

What is the third event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Enlargement of the penis

89
Q

What happens during the second event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Elongation and enlargement of the penis begins within a year testicular enlargement
Induced by the activity of more potent form of testosterone (5 a dihydrotestosterone)

90
Q

What is the fourth event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Growth spurt

91
Q

What happens during the second event in the male sequence of puberty?

A

Growth spurt is 2 years later in boys but prolongs for longer
Body shape - More muscular, in response/due to androgens

92
Q

What is Spermache?

A

Motile sperm is seen in urine at 13-14 years onwards(surrogate marker)
First conscious ejaculation occurs soon after
“End point of spermatogenesis, first sight that boy is consciously fertile”

93
Q

What does the timing of a girls first menstruation how?

A

The age at which girls first menstruate shows a clear trend toward Early Menarche in girls

94
Q

What must occur before HPG axis activation in girls?

A

In girls, a critical weight (=47 kg) must be attained before the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis can occur

  • mechanism unknown, could be weight or fat (muscle ratio)
  • possibility of hormone actin
95
Q

What is the mean weight of girls at the beginning of menarche?

A

Mean weight of girls at the beginning of menarche is - about 47 kg
-but there is large margin of error

96
Q

What is the importance of the critical weight in girls?

A

Attainments of a critical weight due to improvements in nutrition, healthcare and social living conditions – obesity?
signifies that sufficient storage is required to sustain pregnancy and lactation

97
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Early onset puberty

98
Q

What occurs during precocious puberty?

A

the appearance of the physical and hormonal signs of puberty -before 7 years in girls (more common)
- before 9 years in boys
usually DUE TO a GnRH dependant problem, often due to a CND lesion or injury (e.g. tumour in hypothalamus or pituitary)

99
Q

What is delayed puberty?

A

Late onset puberty

100
Q

What occurs during delayed puberty?

A

Shellack of appearance of the physical and hormonal signs of puberty - 13 years in girls - 14 years in boys (more common)
Occurs when the Gonadotrophin signals from he Pituitary are inadequate for sex steroid secretion

101
Q

What is Menopause?

A

ovaries run out of follicles and the cessation of the menses

End of reproductive life

102
Q

When does Menopause occur?

A

occurs between 50-52 years of age

103
Q

What occurs during menopause?

A

The last episode of natural menstrual bleeding signifies the end of her reproductive life (menopause)

104
Q

What is the time line of follicular numbers?

A

During fetal development, around = 7 million follicle develop
By birth the number of follicles has decline to 1-2 million
There is a GRADUAL decline of follicles from:
a. Puberty - 400,000 follicles
through to –>
b. menopause -

105
Q

What occurs during the pre menopause period?

A

regular periods

106
Q

What occurs during the menopausal transition?

A

variable duration

menstrual bleeds are irregular –> longer bleeds

107
Q

What occurs during post menopausal oestrogen production?

A 
By about 1 year after Menopause, the ovary has essentially ceased/stopped producing hormones -ovarian senescence
Oestragen production (oestradiol primarily) resduces to less than 1/10th of previous levels
Oestrogen (oestrone) arises mainly from production of it in stream cells of adipose tissue (only oestrogen produced) - weak oestrogen
108
Q

What are the Perimenopausal symptoms?

A 
Most woman experience a variety of diueal symptoms of Oestrogen Deprivation during the perimenopause -- more than age
Vasomotor
Genitourniary symptoms
Bone metabolism
Behavioural and Psychological changes
109
Q

What does the Peri-menopausal symptom of vasomotor include?

A

Blood vessels change the shape leading to vascular problems

  • hot flush - overwhelming overheating and out of control, associated with panic
  • night sweats -hard to adjust body temp, don’t sleep well, discomfort
110
Q

What does the Peri-menopausal symptom of Genitourinary symptoms include?

A

No production of oestrogen
Vaginal dryness
-reverse of puberty when there are secretions
ain during intercourse

111
Q

What does the Peri-menopausal symptom of Bone metabolism include?

A

increased risk of osteoporosis

112
Q

What does the Peri-menopausal symptom of Behavioural and Psychological changes include?

A

find that these changes hard to deal with
depressions
tension
anxiety
mental confusion
decrease in libido (due to changes in testosterone levels)

113
Q

What is the treatment for Perimenopausal symptoms?

A

HRP or hormone replacement (given woman oestrogen back) therapy
can reverse, prevent or arrest symptoms by oestrogen treatment
-but there are associated risks (e.g. breast and endometrial cancer more likely)
but for some the pain is so severe that it is needed

114
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur in men?

A

Prior to the height spurt

115
Q

What is the order of facial hair development in males during puberty?

A
  1. pubic hair (6 months after testicular enlargement)
  2. auxillary hair (18 months later)
  3. facial hair
  4. changes in layrnx
116
Q

What is changes in the larynx mediated by?

A

testosterone

117
Q

What is a surrogate maker in relation to spermache?

A

Easier to have urine samples, and observe motile sperm

118
Q

What are some physical development differences between males and females?

A

woman have more fat

  • different body shape
  • woman fat resides on hips, pelvic anatomy - to assure birth canal is more optimal
119
Q

What happens when female hormones stop presenting themselves during puberty?

A

Females start presenting a more male shape

120
Q

What is a clear evolutionary change shown in woman?

A

Time of menarche
we get it earlier (150)
prior puberty = 17 years
Now an extra 5 years of reproductive life as a woman

121
Q

What does an early reaching of 47kg suggest?

A

critical weight

girls will reach menarche earlier

122
Q

How do girls periods sometimes stop?

A

The woman loses weight and goes below 47kg

this is what often leads to a girl’s period stopping

123
Q

What does the critical weight of 47 kg signal?

A

There is sufficient weight to maintain pregnancy and

an ability to lactate afterwards

124
Q

What is the age range of a woman with precocious puberty?

A

before 7 years

125
Q

What is the age range of a male with precocious puberty?

A

before 9 years

126
Q

What is precocious puberty usually due to?

A

GnRH

normally tumour in hypothalamus or pituitary

127
Q

What is the age range of a woman with delayed puberty?

A

over 13 years

128
Q

What is the age range of a man with delayed puberty?

A

over 14 years

129
Q

What is delayed puberty usually due to?

A

inadequate levels of GnRH

problem with hypothalamus and pituitary

130
Q

Do many species go through menopause?

A

no

humans are one of the few

131
Q

How many follicles does a woman begin with?

A

around 7 million follicles

132
Q

How many follicles is a woman born with?

A

1-2 million follicles

133
Q

Has the age of menarche changed dramatically?

A

yes 17 –> 12

134
Q

Has the age of menopause changed dramatically?

A

no always 50

135
Q

By what age has the majority of a woman’s good follicles gone?

A

40

can no longer be guaranteed to have a baby

136
Q

By menopause how many follicles do you have?

A

1 or 2

But the DONT respond to hormones

137
Q

What is a woman’s menstrual cycle like from the age of 40 onwards?

A

regular

138
Q

What is a woman’s menstrual cycle like from the age of 46 years?

A

irregular

139
Q

What is the name for the last menstrual bleed?

A

menstruation

50yrs-52yrs

140
Q

What is the time of regular menstrual bleeds called?

A

pre menopause

40-45

141
Q

What is the time of irregular menstrual bleeds called?

A

menopausal transition
large bleeds too
5 ish years

142
Q

Which phase in the end of a female reproductive life is highly variable among woman?

A

menopausal transition

143
Q

What is the function of the ovary like after menopause?

A 
continues to work for another year
prudces a small amount of hormones
The bstios (ovarian senescence)
144
Q

What is ovarian senescence?

A

when the ovary stops producing hormones

1 year after menopause (the last menstruation)

145
Q

What does the peri menopause mean?

A

time around menopause

146
Q

When does peri-menopause occur?

A

Beginning of menopausal transition –> beginning of ovarian senescence(year or two after menopause)

147
Q

What happens to oestrogen concentration after menopause?

A

Drops significantly
Primarily oestradiol concentrations
instead OESTRONE is produced
-SMALLER amount of a WEAKER oestrogen

148
Q

Where do men get all their oestrogen from?

A

OESTRONE
from ADIPOSE tissue
(is weak)

149
Q

What do the permenopausal symptoms resemble?

A

the reduction of oestrogen production in woman in this age

150
Q

What is the time period of female reproduction?

A

female reproduction is time limited
menarche –> menopause
BUT most woman still aren’t fertile during menopause - due to decrease in oestrogen

151
Q

What is menopause (in conclusion)?

A

The complete cessation of menstruation

152
Q

What are the most common peri menopausal symptoms in woman?

A

hot flushes
night sweats
vaginal dryiness

MedSci142 (20 decks)

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