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MedSci142 > Lecture 19: Female Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Female Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What sort of activity is the ovary involved in?

A

Ovarian function is different from the testes with cyclical activity from Puberty –> to Menopause

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2
Q

What are some of the features of the ovary?

A

Few oocytes are released (= about 400)
Mature oocyte is released every (= about 28 days)
2.1 turn out to be babies
Female reproductive system has to sustain growth of embryo –> foetus

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3
Q

What is the Vagina?

A

an elastic muscular 7.5-9.0 cm tube extending from the cervix, to the exterior of the body

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4
Q

What two main things are the reproductive organs adapted to do?

A

produce gametes

produce reproductive hormones

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5
Q

What one feature is extremely important that a female must be able to do in comparison to a male?

A

female must be able sustain growth of embryo –> fetus

Additional role

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6
Q

How many follicles will a woman begin her life with?

A

7 million

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7
Q

What does saggital section mean?

A

dividing into left and right halve

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8
Q

What are the three main functions of the Vagina?

A
  1. Passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluid
  2. Receives the penis during intercourse and holds spermatozoa before they pass –> into the uterus
  3. Lower portion of birth canal passes through - needs to be flexible and adaptable in order to expel fetus
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9
Q

What is the cervix?

A

At the Top of the vagina
is part of the uterus
projects out into the vagina

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10
Q

What is another name for the fallopian tube?

A

uterine tube

attaches to the ovary

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11
Q

What are some features of the uterus?

A

Muscular body
Small
Pear shaped organ
Weighing about 30-40grams

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12
Q

What is the Fundus?

A

Part of the uterus
is Dame shaped
at the Top of the uterus
Can Predict fetal growth

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13
Q

What is fundal height?

A

top of uterus –> pubic bone
how well the puberty is going
No centimetres = weeks of gestation
Different to predicted height/increased with –> twins, breach birth, gestational diabetes

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14
Q

Where does the vagina point?

A

Superior

Postetior

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15
Q

Where does the uterine/fallopian tube end?

A

At the Infundibulum

with finger like projections called fimbrea, loosely associated with uterus

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16
Q

Why is there a narrowing at the bottom of the uterus?

A

contains a Plug full of Mucous
this prevents Sperm and other material from bacteria
only a few days per month exception

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17
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  1. Pathway to Sperm transport from cervix –> uterus
  2. Provides Mechanical protection, nutritional support, waste removal: for the developing embryo and fetus
  3. Contractions in the muscular wall (myometrium)(during labour) of the uterus are important in ejecting the foetus at the time of birth (oxytoxin)(in response to oxytocin)
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18
Q

What sort of the muscle is the vagina?

A

elastic

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19
Q

Do all animals ejaculate into the vagina?

A

No, some species go through the cervix and ejaculate there

different mechanicansim of fertilisation

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20
Q

What does the lower portion of the vagina form?

A

the lower portion of the birth canal

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21
Q

What two specific things have to expand during labour?

A

Cervix

Vagina

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22
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

muscular layer

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23
Q

Why is the uterus an important organ?

A

IT maintains pregnancy

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24
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

special tissue

Endometrium is thick epithelial region and is source of menstrual flow and implantation area

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25
Q

What contains dense mucous for most of the reproductive cycle?

A

cervix

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26
Q

What is thinner functional zone called?

A

Striatum functionalism

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27
Q

What is the function of the striatum functionalism?

A

contains most of the uterine glands
to provide best environment for baby
layer takeaway in menstruation and built up

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28
Q

What is the outer Basilar Zone?

A

stratum basalis

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29
Q

What is the function of the stratum basalis?

A

attaches endometrium to myometrium

adjacent to it (b/w functional some and myometrium)

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30
Q

How many layers can the endometrium be divided into?

A

2 layers

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31
Q

What is the Antiflexion?

A

80% of women- normal

90 angle b/w vagina uterus

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32
Q

What is the Retroflexion?

A

20% of women
causes pain during menstruation and intercourse
Can be fixed after childbirth

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33
Q

Can you feel the top of your fundus?

A

Yes

useful during pregnancy

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34
Q

What is a breach birth?

A

baby is upset down

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35
Q

What is the uterus?

A

pathway of sperm
mechainical protection
nutirition
removal of waste

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36
Q

Where is the source of menstrual fund?

A

endometrium

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37
Q

What are some features of the Uterine (fallopian) tube?

A

Site of fertilisaiton
Fertilisation typicaly occurs in the Ampulla
10-15cm lone, diameter of a star
connected to the uterus via the isthmus
therine tube produce RISH, NUTRITIVE environment, containing LIPIDS and GLYCOGEN for the sperm, oocyte and developing embryo
Epithletlial lining of the uterine tube:
-ciliated columnar epithelium
-secretory non-ciliated columnar epithelium (-microvilli -nutrition to ovum)
The mucosa surrounded by layers of smooth muscle
Transport along tube involves a combination of bother -ciliary movement and -peristaltic contractions - + sperm swimming

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38
Q

What are the Fimbriae?

A

fingerlike projections which partially cover the ovary
-following ovulation the oocyte is drawn into the uterine tubes by the fimbriae and down into the uterus
meet in the right place in the ampulla

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39
Q

After ovulation, what brings up the oocyte slowly into the uterine tube?

A

Fimbriae

  • finger like projections
  • partially cover the ovary
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40
Q

What is the main function of the Uterine Tube?

A

KEEP SURVIVAL of oocyte, sperm and developing ovary
allows fertilisation to occur
allow developing embryo to survive as it goes down the uterus
must be rich in vitamins (a nutritive environment)
contains lipids and glycogen- to allow things to survival

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41
Q

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?

A

fertilised embryo is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall

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42
Q

Where do most ectopic pregnancy occur?

A

Most occur in the uterine tube (Tubal pregnancy)

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43
Q

What are the 3 risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  1. smoking -cigarette smoke impairs cilia from beating
  2. advanced maternal age - cilia are less compliant
  3. prior tubal damage -e.g. STD infections
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44
Q

What projections are covered constantly beating cilia?

A

Fimbriae

acts like vacuum cleaner, sucking up oocyte into the uterine tube

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45
Q

What is the uterine tube covered in and why?

A

Cilia
provide ability to move oocytes in one direction and sperm in the other direction

secretory cells
proved nutrition for survival of sperm and eggs and embryo

surrounded by smooth muscle
movement of sperm and egg need peristaltic contractions

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46
Q

What are some features of ovaries?

A 
human ovaries are OVAL
Weigh approximately 5-10 grams
White hello
Sometimes lumpy
small - doesn't normally give problems
sometimes large -tumour in response to hormones - don't tend to be malignant - just need to be removed
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47
Q

what is the Blood vessels in Hilum of ovary?

A

acts as an entry point for NERVES and Blood Vessels

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48
Q

How many regions is the ovary made up of?

A

3

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49
Q

What are the three regions of an ovary?

A

Outer cortex - follicles
Ovarian medulla - soft tissue - ovarian stroma + steroid producing cells - to produce estradiol
Hilum- entry point for nerves and blood vessels

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50
Q

What does the outer most layer of the ovary (Outer cortex) contain?

A

follicles

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51
Q

What does the middle layer of the ovary (Ovarian medulla) contain?

A

Ovarian Medulla = “soft tissue”
Ovarian stroma + steroid producing cells
steroid producing cells produce estradiol

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52
Q

What does the inner most layer of the ovary (Hilum) contain?

A

entry point of nerves and blood vessels

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53
Q

What is follicular development?

A

Follicle –> oocyte + surrounding cells

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54
Q

What is the First stage out of 5 in follicular development?

A

Primordial Follicle

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55
Q

What is the Primordial Follicle?

A

7 million
the oocyte, once surrounded by a single squamous layer of flat follicular/support cells
sit in nests
(which develop into granolas cells), form the primordial follicle (quiet , dormant)
most of ovary is filled with these primordial follicles
2n oogonium -Meiosis I begins during fetal development -millions prior to birth
1 Primary oocyte –> 2 secondary primordal follicles

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56
Q

What is the second stage out of five of follicular development?

A

Primary follicle

/ Pre-autral follicle

57
Q

What is the Primary Follicle?

A

Daily initiation
Granlosa cell
as the follicle grows, they are called primary or Pre-Autral follicles
Pathway of growth has begun
After puberty
primary oocyte
2 oocyte, 1st polar body
Immature primary follicles have one layer of granolas cells
Oocyte increases in size and becomes mitotically active

58
Q

What is another name for a primary follicle?

A

Pre-autral follicle

59
Q

What is the third stage out of five of follicular development?

A

Oocyte increases in size and becomes more mitotically active
-in response to FSH, some follicles get larger, producing many layers of cuboidal GRANULOSA CELL surrounding the oocyte - 1-2 layers
Oocyte secretes glycoproteins forming a translucentacellular layer called the Zona Pellucida (separates oocyte form granulosa cells)
Condensation of ovarian stream cells, known as Thecal cells, begin to form around the follicle - organised theca follicle layer

60
Q

Which is larger: oocyte or primordial follicles?

A

Oocyte is much larger than primordial follicles

- as the Granulosa cells have developed, and are cuboidal, around the oocyte

61
Q

What does a primary follicle look like?

A

Primary follicle

granulosa cells on the outside

62
Q

What is the Zona pellucida?

A

stained blue

  • Clear glycoprotein layer
  • between oocyte and granolas cells
  • allows entry of only ONE sperm of SAME species - bind to zone pellucida proteins
  • plays an important role in fertilisation
63
Q

Which cells outside of the primary follicle become highly specialised?

A

Fecal cells

64
Q

What is the fourth stage out of five of follicular development called?

A

Secondary follicle

65
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

antral follicles
As GRANULOSA CELLS proliferate (more and more) they produce viscous, follicular fluid called antrum ->
Characterises 2 follicle: this fluid condenses to form a Single follicular fluid filled cavity (lake)- forms antral follicle
-the innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zone pellucida and is called the corona radiata
-mass of loosely associated granulosa cells is known as the cumulus oophores
The these becomes – Theca interna: glandular, highly vascular, here androgens –FSH–> oestrogen’s in granulosa cells
–Theca externa: surrounding fibrous capsule, structural and supportive role

66
Q

What is another name for a secondary follicle?

A

antral follicle

67
Q

How many layers does the theca become/specialise into?

A

2

68
Q

What is the Theca interna?

A 
glandular
highly vascular
here Androgens --FSH--> estrogens
(follicle stimulating hormone)
in granulosa cells (or 2 follicles)
69
Q

What is the Theca externa?

A

surrounding fibrous capsule- protection around growing oocyte
structural and supportive role

70
Q

What is a follicle called prior to the appearance of an antrum?

A

pre-antral follicle

71
Q

What can occur to granulosa cells in secondary follicles?

A

in 2secondary follicles, granolas cells can become more specialised

72
Q

What immediately surrounds the zone pellucida?

A

2-3 layers of granulosa cells

-stay tightly bound to the oocyte right through to fertilisation

73
Q

What is the corona radiate?

A

radiating crown
highly specialised granulosa cells
the innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zone pellucida

74
Q

What is the cumulus oophoras?

A

cloudy mass of loosely associated granulosa cells

partially specialised granolas cells

75
Q

Can theca cells specialise?

A

yes
into Theca internal
and
theca externa

76
Q

What is the fifth stage out of five of follicular development?

A

Mature (Graafian or pre-ovulatory) follicle

teritary follicle

77
Q

What is a Mature (Graafian or pre-ovulatory) follicle?

A

as the follicular antrum grows, the oocyte becomes suspended in fluid - helps oocyte to survive
Bigger- dividing faster in 3 dimensions
number of granolas, amount of follicular fluid, size, constantly increasing - follicle begins to budge out on the size of the ovary
it is connected to outside of the follicle the rim of peripheral granulosa cells (follicle) by a thin stalk of cells
Larger secondary oocyte (n) is ready to be expelled after rupture of large, fluid filled follicle –> finishes Meiosis 1

78
Q

What is ovulation?

A

the increasing some of follicle and its position in the cortex of the ovarian stroma causes it to budge out from the ovarian surface
the follicle ruptures, carrying with it - the oocyte and surrounding mass/clouds of cumulus cells around oocyte
the oocyte is collected by the cilia on the fimbria (suction vacuum)
which sweep the cumulus mass into the uterine tube
-slow movement out of ovary with aid of enzymes

79
Q

What is the six stage overall, during ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

80
Q

What are cumulus cells like?

A

clouds

81
Q

What is the corpus luteu?

A

empty follicle after ovulation

82
Q

What are some features of the corpus luteum?

A

produces PROGESTERONE, ESTROGENS, RELAXIN and INHIBIN (LH) - which are vital for pregnancy –> reproductive endocrine gland
the Antrom breaks down
the basement membrane between the granulose cells and theca layer breaks down
blood vessels invade
granulosa cells from large lutein –> yellow pigment (corpus luteum = yellow body)
the transformation is called lutenisation and is associated with an increasing secretion of prostagens

83
Q

What is Lutenisation? and what is it associated with?

A

development of the corpus luteum
increasing production and secretion of progesterone
corpus luteum = yellow body
Granulosa cells form large lutein - yellow pigment
lutenisation is associated with an increased secretion of progestogens

84
Q

How fast does the oocyte remove from the surface of the ovary?

A

thought it was fast like a gun shot

is actually as slow removal process (gradual)

85
Q

What has to become one of the most important endocrine organs of the body?

A

empty follicle

corpus luteum

86
Q

What is one of the most remarkable changes in the human body?

A

the development of the massive blood supply in the corpus lutem/empty yellow follicle

87
Q

What is the hormone of pregnancy?

A

progestoetone

-SUPPORTS pregnancy

88
Q

Wht is the overall main function of the corpus luteum?

A

produce massive amounts of Progesterone, in just a few weeks

-therefore it becomes a significant endocrine organ

89
Q

What is the seventh stage overall, in menstruation?

A

Corpus Albicans

90
Q

What is the Corpus albicnas?

A

after about 14 days, the whitish scar tissue remains, the corpus alhbicans (white body) is absorbed BACK INTO THE STROMAL TISSUE of the ovary over weeks to months
occurs if NO FERTILISATION occurs –> therefore FUTILE CYCLE,

91
Q

Cyclically, what happens if pregnancy does occur?

A

cycle starts over again

92
Q

What stage of development has occurs for fertilisation to occur?

A

Meiosis 2 completes

93
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

the oocyte is fertilised and IMMEDIATELY begins to DIVIDE (Fertile Cycle) and the corpus lute persists PAST its 2 week life span
It is rescued from death/degeneration by bCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) –> the hormone produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilisation(embryo formation)
–> presence of hCG in eternal blood of urine is an indicator of pregnancy and is the hormone detected by home pregnancy tests

94
Q

What order is the fertile cycle?

A

Produce oocyte –> incubate embryo —> baby formation
-production of hCG FROM EMBRYO
and survival of corpus luteum - thick wall

95
Q

What order is the futile cycle?

A

incubate embryo —-no sperm –> restart cycle and reproduce oocyte
occurs most months of a woman’s lifetime

96
Q

How does the embryo protect its own life?

A

by expanding the life of the corpus luteum - due to hCG presence at 8 days

97
Q

Where can pregnancy tests be used using?

A

blood

urine

98
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 dyas

99
Q

How long does menstruation last for?

A

about 1-5 days

100
Q

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

2 weeks after –> 14 days from oval –> mensturaiton

101
Q

What sort of vacation is there between cycles?

A

great variation

25-35 days

102
Q

Which phase is fixed in menstruation?

A

Luteal phase

14days

103
Q

Which phase is variable in menstruation?

A

Follicular/pre-ovulatory phase

-reduces with age

104
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase (day 1 –> ovulation)

2. Luteal phase (ovulation –> menstruation)

105
Q

What is the Follicular phases time span?

A

Day 1 (time of follicle)–> ovulation

106
Q

What does the Follicular phase of the ovarian cycle contain?

A

FSH makes follicles grow
growing follicles produces high amounts of oestrogen’s (mitgen)
-primarily OESTRODIOL by GRANULOSA CELLS - to grow functional layer of endometrium (proliferation)

107
Q

What is the Luteal phases time span?

A

Fixed secretory/luteal phase for 14 das

Ovulation (timye of corpus luteum)–> Menstruation

108
Q

What does the Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle contain?

A

Corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone

and conversely corpus luteum produces Small amounts of Estorgens

109
Q

What are the three phases within the Uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A
  1. Mensturation
  2. Proliferation phase(until ovulation)
  3. Secretory phase (ovulation –>)
110
Q

What is involved in the Proliferation phase?

A

oestrogen makes all divisions occur as the FUNCTIONAL ENDOmetrium layer GROWS and PROLIFERATES

111
Q

What is involved in the secretory phase?

A

formation of
-large secretory endometrial glands (glycogen) –> coiling
Good blood system –> vascularisation

112
Q

What is the first stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A 
No fertilisaiton occurs, resulting in:;
= corpus luteum regressing/degenerating
=reduction in progesterone
=estrogen levels decrease
=FSH levels (little rise) INCREASE
113
Q

What is the second stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

(little rise) FSH stimulations leads to INCREASED FOLLICULAR GROWTH
=small increase in FSH is sufficient, and stimulates growth from 2secondary –> mature follicle

114
Q

What is the third stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

About day 6-7, see section of dominant follicle
=out of many follicles, one mergers and is released b ovulation (ONE BECOMES MATURE AT DAY 6-7)
=will have vast amounts/ as many granulosa cells, start to produce estradiol and oestrogen levels rise dramatically

115
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

reduce poliferation
make Endometrium specialised and become secretory
-provides best environment for embryo to implant and undergo development
-produced by corpus luteum

116
Q

Why is the Luteal phase time span fixed?

A

as it is the life span of the corpus luteum

2 weeks without being rescued by pregnancies/embryos secretion of hCG

117
Q

Why do we have a menstrual cycle?

A

the female reproductive tracts two main functions

  • produce an egg
  • also has to INCUBATe the EMBRYO and FETUS (otherwise redo cycle)
  • therefore has to be cyclical, because if there is no embryo, the cycle need to re-prepare)
118
Q

How often does the Fertile cycle occur in a woman life time?

A

2.1 times (NZ av)

119
Q

How often does the futile cycle occur in a woman’s life time?

A

oncer every month (av 28 days) since puberty (–> menopause)

120
Q

Why do we retain the endometrium unlike other animals?

A

quicker
adapted to be this way
more efficient to remove the layer

121
Q

What is the fourth stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

oestradiol produced by numerous granulosa cells of dominant cells SUPRESSES FSH and LH PRODUCTION in the pituitary –> negative feedback
-ve feedback on hypothalamus of anterior pituitary (increased LH)

122
Q

What is the fifth stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestragen levels increase
by day 12 threshold concentration of estradiol is exceeded
-if this is maintained (for 36 hours) a temporary switch from a Negative –> Positive feedback system

123
Q

What is the sixth stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen mediated postive feedback triggers
=rise if GnRH
= LH SURGE

124
Q

What is the seventh stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

LH SURGE induces OVULATION

125
Q

what induces ovulation?

A

the LH SURGE

126
Q

What is the eighth stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

Epipty follicle
(LH STIMULATES) the Corpus luteum develops after ovulation
Progesterone levels INCREASE (produced by corpus luteum)

127
Q

What is the ninth stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

Most productive time of corpus luteum
Elevated levels of progesterone
-INHIBITS GnRH
DECREASED levels of FSH and LH

128
Q

What is the last/final/TENTH stage (out of ten) of the menstrual cycle?

A

Demise of corpus luteum

129
Q

What does oestradiol suppress?

A

FSH and LH levels

130
Q

What occurs day 10?

A

Step 5

High maintained conc of oestrogen (this time estradiol) there is a SWITCH to a NEG –> POS FEEDBACK

131
Q

Which hormones provide a negative feedback?

A

oestragens

progesterones

132
Q

What influence does a switch to positive feedback lead to?

A 
massive SURGE OF LH
-
-
-
AND THIS CAUSES OVULATION!!!!!
133
Q

Is progesterone produced at a specific time?

A

Progesterone is only produced AFTER ovulation

134
Q

Is progesterone produced by a specific object?

A

Yes, it is produced by the Corpus luteum

135
Q

When is the corpus lutes most productive time?

A

Step 9 of the menstrual cycle

136
Q

What is the order of peaks in the menstrual cycle?

A

small FSH –> Oestrogen’s –> LH + small FSH –> small Oestrogen’s –> Progesterones

137
Q

What is the order of the large peaks of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen –> FSH –> LH –> Progesterone

138
Q

What type of ovulation are humans, unlike some other animals?

A

Humans are Hidden ovulates

-we don’t know when woman ovulate

139
Q

What are woman most likely to do during the 3-5 days before ovulation?

A

Most intercourse
Most likely to have an extra marital-parital affair
Wear different clothes -less and brighter and bolder - bling
Dangerous, masculine attractive male
Eat less
Travel more
Smell better

MedSci142 (20 decks)

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