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Anatomy II Exam 3: Lectures 17-20 > Lecture 20: Hearing And Equilibrium > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Hearing And Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

According to the Langdon table, what is characteristic of the auditory system in early tetrapods?

A

Inner ear sensitive to sound vibrations
-stapes involved in palatal, spiracular manipulations
(Spiracle=primitive opening into inner ear)

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2
Q

According to the Langdon table, what is characteristic of the auditory system in early therapsids?

A

Articular, quadrate, and stapes bones involved in conduction

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3
Q

According to the Langdon table, what is characteristic of the auditory system in the primitive mammals?

A

Dentary-squamosal joint established

Articular and quadrate bones specialized for transmitting vibrations

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4
Q

What is the transition from the quadrate-articular jointed jaw to a dentary-squamosal joint and what happens to the quadrate and articular bone?

A

Quadrate-articular–> quadrate-articular + dentary-squamosal–> dentary-squamosal

Quadrate and articular bones become reduced and eventually evolve into the incus and malleus

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5
Q

According to the Langdon table, what is characteristic of the auditory system in the advanced mammals?

A
  • quadrate becomes incus**
  • articular becomes malleus **
  • angular becomes tympanic bone**
  • middle ear sealed off behind tympanic membrane
  • development of pinna (outer ear feature)
  • sound localization
  • sensitivity to high frequency

**=bolded on slide

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6
Q

What is another name for the tympanic bulla (bone)?

A

Auditory bulla

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7
Q

Where is the tympanic bulla found and what is it formed by?

A

Feature of squamosal bone; formed by tympanic part of temporal bone that houses the tympanic ring (bone)(angular)

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8
Q

In primates, what is the auditory bulla formed by?

A

Petrosal bone (Petrous part of temporal bone)

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9
Q

What ear ossicles develop from arch 1?

A

Malleus and incus

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10
Q

What ear ossicle develops form arch 2?

A

Stapes

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11
Q

Where is the tympanic/ectotympanic ring (angular) found in mammals and specifically in primates?

A

Position varies among mammals

In primates, may be within or outside the auditory bulla

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12
Q

Where does the tympanic/ectotympanic ring (angular) lie in lemurs?

A

Within auditory bulla cavity

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13
Q

Where does the tympanic/ectotympanic ring (angular) lie in lorises?

A

Attached to inside wall of bulla cavity

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14
Q

Where does the tympanic/ectotympanic ring (angular) lie in new world platyrrhines?

A

Attached outside wall of bulla

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15
Q

Where does the tympanic/ectotympanic ring (angular) lie in old wold catarrhines and tarsiers?

A

It is attached to outside wall of bulla but forms a bony ring (auditory tube=external auditory meatus)

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16
Q

What do the dryolestes, an early Jurassic mammal, show in their cochlea

A

Shows beginnings of modern therian mammal inner ear anatomy

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17
Q

According to the Langdon table, what is characteristic of the auditory system in humans?

A
  • Specialized for hearing frequencies of human voice
  • specializations for pitch, volume, direction, and language discrimination
  • Broca’s area
  • wernicke’s area
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18
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth located?

A

In the petrous part of temporal bone

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19
Q

What is the pathway for the auditory system?

A

Primary auditory cortex–>wernickes area–> Broca’s area–> motor area

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20
Q

What enters through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Vestibulaocochlear nerve and facial nerve

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21
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Captures and funnels acoustic signals through the tympanic membrane to the middle ear

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22
Q

What does the middle ear contain and what is the function?

A

Contains a complex of small bones that then transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear where the organs of hearing and equilibrium are found

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23
Q

What is typically found in the inner ear?

A

Organs of hearing and equilibrium is found

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24
Q

Where is the middle ear found?

A

Found within the petrous part of temporal bone behind the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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25
Q

What is the middle ear also known as? What does this connect to?

A

Tympanic cavity

Connects to nasopharynx via pharyngotympanic tube (Eustacian tube)

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26
Q

What lines the middle ear?

A

Mucus membrane

27
Q

What 4 things are found in the middle ear?

A

Auditory ossicles
Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
Chorda tympani nerve
Tympanic plexus of nerves

28
Q

In what order do the tympanic memrbane, stapes, oval window, malleus, and incus interact?

A

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window

29
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear made up of? What bone is this a part of?

A

Tegmental wall
Temporal bone
Known as tegmen tympani

30
Q

What is the flow of the middle ear made of?

A

Jugular wall

31
Q

What is the lateral wall of the middle ear made of?

A

Membranous wall

Tympanic membrane

32
Q

What is the medial wall of the middle ear and does this consist of?

A

Labyrinthine wall (cochlea, oval and round windows)

33
Q

What is the anterior wall of the middle ear made of?

A

Carotid wall (internal carotid)

34
Q

What is the posterior wall of the middle ear made of?

A

Mastoid wall (opening to mastoid antrum)

35
Q

What are the auditory ossicles in general?

A

A mobile “chain” of tiny bones that articular with each other and transmit sound vibrations

36
Q

What does the auditory ossicles span from?

A

The tympanic membrane (external) to oval window (internal)

37
Q

What covers the auditory ossicles?

A

Mucus membrane but no periosteum

38
Q

What moves the stapes?

A

Stapedius muscle

39
Q

What muscle inserts on the malleus?

A

Tensor tympani

40
Q

What does the internal ear contain?

A

Vestibulocochlear organ

41
Q

Where is the internal ear located? What cranial nerve innervates this?

A

Buried deep within petrous part of temporal bone within otic capsule (hardest part of this bone)
Receives vestibulocochlear n (CN VIII) via internal acoustic meatus

42
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Shell shaped part of bony labyrinth containing cochlear duct, concerned with hearing

43
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Small oval chamber containing utricle and saccules, vestibular labyrinth for balance

44
Q

What are the semicircular canal for and what does this communicate with?

A

Communicate with vestibule and used for balance

45
Q

What is the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Narrow canal within petrous part of temporal bone that transmits the facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and blood vessels though inner ear

46
Q

Where is the endolymph of the ear found? What are the boundarys of this area?

A

In the scala media betwee the vestibular membrane and basilar memrbane

47
Q

What all is found in the scala media?

A

Area between vestibular membrane and basilar membrane

Includes the endolymph, tectorial membrane, hair cells and sterocilia

48
Q

Where is the perilymph found?

A

In the scala vestibuli and scala tympani which is on both sides of the scala media (endolymph)

49
Q

Where do the low frequency sound waves exit the inner ear?

A

Via the round window

50
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

A special sense that has to do with our sense of movement and where our body (particularly position of the head) is in space

51
Q

How are the 3 semicircular canals oriented?

A

Superior
Posterior
Horizontal

52
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect? What do they enclose?

A

Linear and rotational acceleration of the head.

They enclose specially shaped membrane called membranous labyrinth

53
Q

What is characteristic of the endolymph in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Potassium rich fluid, it is inside the membranous labyrinth (continuous with cochlea)

54
Q

What are ampullae in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Swellings at the base of semicircular canal

55
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

Sensory organ of angular acceleration and deceleration in each ampulla (3 pairs of them)

56
Q

What is the cupula in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Gelatinous components of the crista ampullaris in ampullae

57
Q

What is the utricle?

A

Otoliths organ within macula that is oriented horizontally–sense linear acceleration

58
Q

What is the sacculus?

A

Otoliths organ within macula that is oriented vertically–sense linear acceleration

59
Q

What lines the membranes of the inside of the vestibular organ?

A

Hair cells with stereocilia

60
Q

What are the apical ends of the stereocilia in the vestibular apparatus bathed in?

A

Endolymph

61
Q

What are the otoliths that are associated with otoliths organs?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals that sense gravity and linear accelerations

62
Q

Which semicircular canal would detect a change when moving your head “yes”?

A

Anterior/superior

63
Q

Which semicircular canal would detect a change when moving your head “no”?

A

Lateral/horizontal

64
Q

Which semicircular canal would detect a change when tilting head?

A

Posterior ducts

Anatomy II Exam 3: Lectures 17-20 (5 decks)

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