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Anatomy II Exam 3: Lectures 17-20 > Lecture 17: Brain: Cortices, Nuclei And Tracts > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Brain: Cortices, Nuclei And Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Is the cortex gray or white matter?

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

The following characteristics from the Langdon table belong to which group?

  • Brain larger relative to body size
  • clear development of the cerebrum beyond an olfactory function
  • cerebrum larger in proportion to the rest of the brain
  • neocortex
  • complex limbic system
  • visual processing centered in cerebral cortex
A

Mammals

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3
Q

The following characteristics from the Langdon table belong to which group?

  • cerebrum extremely large relative to body size
  • lateralization of the cerebrum
  • areas of the left hemisphere specialized for language
  • expanded limbic cortex
A

Humans

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4
Q

What are the 3 initial brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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5
Q

When do the initial brain vesicles develop in gestation?

A

By the end of the fourth week of development

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6
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon 
Metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
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7
Q

What does the telencephalon form from and what does this become?

A

From the prosencephalon and becomes the cerebrum

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8
Q

What does the diencephalon form from and what does this become?

A

From prosencephalon and forms the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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9
Q

What does the mesencephalon form from and what does this become?

A

It remains as in week 4 of development

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10
Q

What does the metencephalon form from and what does this become?

A

From the rhombencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum

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11
Q

What does the myelencephalon form from and what does this become?

A

From the rhombencephalon forms the medulla oblongata

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12
Q

When are the 5 secondary brain vesicles differentiated by?

A

Week 5 of gestation

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13
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and the cerebellum

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14
Q

What cortices and association areas are within the frontal lobe?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • motor speech area (Brocas)
  • frontal eye fields
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15
Q

What cortices and association areas are within the parietal lobe?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association area
  • part of wernickes area
  • part of gnostic area
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16
Q

What cortices and association areas are within the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary olfactory cortex
  • auditory association area
  • olfactory association area
  • part of Wernickes area
  • Part of gnostic area
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17
Q

What cortices and association areas are within the occipital lobe?

A
  • primary visual cortex

- visual association areas

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18
Q

What cortices and association areas are within the insula lobe?

A

Primary gustatory cortex

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Higher intellectual functions, personality, verbal communicaiton, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

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20
Q

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions (wernickes)

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21
Q

What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Interpretation of auditory and olfactory sensations of auditory and olfactory experiences

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22
Q

What are the primary functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Conscious perception of visual stimuli, integration of eye focusing movements, correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences

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23
Q

What are the primary functions of the insula lobe?

A

Interpretation of taste and memory

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24
Q

What are primary motor and sensory cortical regions connected to and what is their function?

A

Connected to adjacent association areas that process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

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25
Q

Where is the premotor cortex located and what is its function?

A

Frontal lobe–coordinate learned skilled motor activities

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26
Q

Where is the somatosensory association area located and what is its main function?

A

Parietal lobe and integrates and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure and shape of objects

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27
Q

Where is the auditory association area located and what is its main function?

A

In the temporal lobe and it interprets characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past

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28
Q

Where is the visual association area located and what is its main function?

A

In the occipital lobe and is responsible for processing visual information by analyzing color, movement and form to identify things we see

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29
Q

What is wernickes area and were is this located? What does this work with?

A

Left hemisphere. Recognize, understand and comprehend spoken or written language. Works with Broca’s area which is the motor speech area

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30
Q

Where is the gnostic area located and what is an example of how this works?

A

Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

E.g. Clock indicates 12:30, you smell food cooking, friend talks about hunger and you interpret it to be lunch time

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31
Q

What tracts in the brain gray or white matter?

A

Central white matter

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32
Q

What is the function of the association tracts?

A

Connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

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33
Q

Where are commissural tracts found?

A

Between cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

What is the function of projection tracts?

A

Link cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions (i.e. Corticospinal tract)

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35
Q

What do arcuate fibers connect?

A

Connect neighboring gyro within a single cerebral lobe

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36
Q

What do the longitudinal fasciculi connect?

A

Gyro between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere

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37
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

Paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter

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38
Q

What is the caudate nucleus and what is this shaped like?

A

C-shaped

Neurons within stimulate appropriate muscles to coordinate arm and leg movements associated with walking

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39
Q

What is the amygdaloid body?

A

Expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus. Participates in the expression and control of moods and emotions

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40
Q

Where are the putamen and globus pallidus from and what is their function?

A

Both from the lentiform nucleus. Putamen controls muscular movement at a subconscious level. The globes pallidus inhibits activity of the thalamus

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41
Q

What is the function of the claustrum?

A

Subconscious processing of visual information

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42
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Provides the relay and switching centers for some sensory and motor pathways and for control of visceral activities

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43
Q

What is part of the 5 section brain does the epithalamus belong to and what is the posterior part of this?

A

Diencephalon

Posterior part is the pineal gland which secretes melatonin

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44
Q

What part of the epithalamus help relay signals from the limbic system and control visceral and emotional responses to odors?

A

Habenular nuclei

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45
Q

What part of the brain does the thalamus belong to? What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

Diencephalon

Sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge on the thalamus

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46
Q

What is the function of the anterior group/nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Mood

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47
Q

What is the function of the lateral group/nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Mood

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48
Q

What is the function of the medial group/nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Consciousness and emotion

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49
Q

What is the function of the posterior group/nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Special sense

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50
Q

What is the function of the ventral group/nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Somatomotor and somatosensory

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51
Q

What is the main role of the parventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin

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52
Q

What is the main role of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

A

Body temp

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53
Q

What is the main role of the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Parasympathetic division of autonomic control center

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54
Q

What is the main role of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

ADH

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55
Q

What is the main role of the Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Circadian rhythm

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56
Q

What is the main role of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Sympathetic division of autonomic control division

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57
Q

What is the main role of the mammillary body of the hypothalamus?

A

Olfaction and swallowing

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58
Q

What part of the 5 section brain does the brainstem belong to?

A

Mesencephalon

59
Q

What part of the brain to the cerebral peduncle, substantia nigra, tegmentum, and tectum belong to?

A

Brainstem–mesencephalon

60
Q

What is the cerebral penduncle?

A

Motor tracts

61
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Inhibitory signals to skeletal muscle

62
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum?

A

Posture

63
Q

What is another name for the tectum and what is its main function?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

Visual and auditory relay

64
Q

What does the pons regulate and what nuclei does this house?

A

Regulate rate and depth of breathing, house nuclei for V, VI, VII, and VIII

65
Q

What is the main functions of the medulla and what nuclei does this house? What general bodily functions is this associated with?

A

Corticospinal tracts and sensory relay (the olive). Nuclei for VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Also cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory and those related to coughing, gagging, sneezing, salivation, swallowing and vomiting

66
Q

What is the main function of the oilvary nucleus of the medulla?

A

Proprioception

67
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensured that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements. Performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways

68
Q

Where is the limbic system found?

A

Ring around the diencephalon

69
Q

The limbic system is composed of various structure that collectively process and experience emotions. What all collectively makes up the limbic system?

A
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdaloid body
  • olfactory bulb
  • fornix
  • various nuclei in the diencephalon
70
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the first (manidbular) pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal (CN V) nerve

71
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

72
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

73
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

74
Q

What is characteristic of al sympathetic fibers?

A

They are postganglionic arising from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. They travel on vessels to structures that they innervate

75
Q

What is the only names sympathetic nerve that is of concern for us?

A

Deep petrosal

76
Q

What is characteristic of the parasympathetic fibers?

A

They are preganglionic fibers that arise from the nuclei in the brain stem and synapse at 4 ganglia in the head

77
Q

What are the 4 ganglia that parasympathetic fibers synapse at?

A

Ciliary, pterygopalatine, optic and submandibular

78
Q

What cranial nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

III, VII, IX and X

79
Q

What is the function of CN I? What is special about this nerve?

A

Sensation of olfaction or smell

Only type of nervous tissue to regenerate

80
Q

What is the pathway for CN I?

A

Travels through the foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone and synapses in the olfactory bulbs, located in the anterior cranial fossa

81
Q

What are the 2 modalities of the trigeminal CN V?

A

Branchial motor

General sensory

82
Q

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve CN V?

A

1=ophthalmic nerve
2=maxillary
3= mandibular

83
Q

Where does the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

84
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

A

Passes through the foramen rotundum

85
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal pass through?

A

The foramen ovale

86
Q

What is the only branch of the trigeminal nerve that supplies motor function?

A

Mandibular

**all three parts have somatic sensory functions

87
Q

The facial nerve (CN VII) has 4 modalities with varying functions. What are these modalities?

A
  • Branchial motor
  • visceral motor
  • general sensory
  • special sensory
88
Q

In regards to facial (CN VII) nerve, what is the function of the somatic (branchial) motor component?

A

Muscles of facial expression

89
Q

In regards to facial (CN VII) nerve, what is the function of the visceral (parasympathetic) motor modalities?

A

Stimulates the lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular gland

90
Q

In regards to facial (CN VII) nerve, what is the function of the special sensory modalities?

A

Taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

91
Q

In regards to facial (CN VII) nerve, what is the function of the general sensory modalities?

A

Supplies a small area of skin behind the ear and possibly supplements CN V3 (acoustic meatus and external tympanic)

92
Q

What are the 2 branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and what are their functions?

A

Cochlear branch- conducts impulses for hearing

Vestibular branch-conducts impulses for equilibrium

93
Q

What are the 5 modalities of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

A 
Branchial motor 
Visceral motor
Visceral sensory 
General sensory 
Special sensory
94
Q

In regards to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), what is the function of the branchial motor modality?

A

To supply the stylopharyngeus

95
Q

In regards to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), what is the function of the visceral motor modality?

A

Supplies the otic ganglion, which sends fibers to stimulate the parotid gland

96
Q

In regards to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), what is the function of the visceral sensory modality?

A

Carries sensation from the carotid body and from the carotid sinus

97
Q

In regards to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), what is the function of the general sensory modality?

A

General sensation from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue, skin of external ear, and the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

98
Q

In regards to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), what is the function of the special sensory modality?

A

Taste from the posterior 1/3rd of tongue

99
Q

What are the 4 modalities of the vagus nerve?

A

Branchial motor
Visceral motor
Visceral sensory
General sensory

100
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, what is the function of the branchial motor modality?

A

To striated muscle of the pharynx, tongue and larynx

101
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, what is the function of the visceral motor modality?

A

To smooth muscle and glands of pharynx, larynx and thoracic and abdominal viscera

102
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, what is the function of the visceral sensory modality?

A

From the larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera, stretch receptors in the walls of the aortic arch, chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies adjacent to the arch

103
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, what is the function of the general sensory modality?

A

From the skin at the back of the ear and in the external acoustic meatus, part of the external surface of the tympanic membrane and the pharynx

104
Q

What is the main modality of the accessory nerve (CN XI)?

A

Branchial motor component that supply sternomastoid and trapezius

105
Q

What is the main modality and function of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

A

Somatic motor that supplies all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus

106
Q

What is the main modality and main function of the optic nerve (CN II)?

A

Special sensory conveys visual information from the retina

107
Q

Where is visual stimulus information processed and interpreted?

A

Processed by the thalamus and then interpreted by visual association areas in the cerebrum

108
Q

What are the two modalities of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor and visceral motor

109
Q

In regards to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), what is the function of the somatic motor component?

A

Supplies the four extrinsic eye muscles that move the eyeball

110
Q

In regards to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), what is the function of the visceral (parasympathetic) motor component?

A

Innervates sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to make pupil constrict and contracts ciliary muscles to make the lens of eye more spherical

111
Q

What is the main component of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and what is its function?

A

Somatic motor and it supplies one extrinsic muscle of eye to move the eye inferiorly and laterally

112
Q

What is the main component of the abducens nerve (CN VI) and what is its function?

A

Somatic motor innervates one extrinsic eye muscle for eye abduction

113
Q

According to the Langdon table on vision, the following characteristics belong to what group:

  • midbrain processes information from opposite eye
  • six muscles coordinate the movement of each eye
A

Vertebrate

114
Q

According to the Langdon table on vision, the following characteristics belong to what group:

  • eyelids
  • lacrimal gland
A

Tetrapods

115
Q

According to the Langdon table on vision, the following characteristics belong to what group:

  • eyelashes
  • domination of retina by rods
  • visual cortex processes information from opposite eye
A

Mammals

116
Q

According to the Langdon table on vision, the following characteristics belong to what group:

  • frontally directed vision
  • visual cortex processes opposite visual field
  • midbrain processes info from opposite visual field
  • stereoscopic vision
  • macula
  • elaboration of the visual cortex
A

Primate

117
Q

According to the Langdon table on vision, the following characteristics belong to what group:

  • Domination of retina by cones
  • three-color vision
A

Anthropoids

118
Q

What accessory structure of the eye provides a superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface?

A

Conjunctiva

119
Q

What accessory structure of the eye prevents foreign objects from coming into contact with the eye?

A

Eyebrows, eye lashes and eyelids

120
Q

What accessory structures of the eye keep the exposed surface moist, clean and lubricated?

A

Lacrimal glands and ducts

121
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye from outer to inner?

A

Fibrous (outer)
Vascular
Neural (inner)

122
Q

What are the two parts of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

A

Cornea and sclera

123
Q

What are the three parts f the vascular tunic of the eye?

A

Choroid, ciliary body and iris

124
Q

What are the two parts of the neural tunic of the eye?

A

Pigmented layer and neural layer

125
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate and what is its main function?

A

Brainstem and regulates positional changes of the arms, eyes, head and neck due to visual and auditory stimuli

126
Q

What is characteristic of catarrhines vision?

A

They all have small, medium and long photopigments tuned to specific wavelengths giving short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) cones. The turnings are remarkably uniform and result in trichromatic color vision

127
Q

What is characteristic of the optic disc?

A

Lacks photoreceptors and is called the blind spot because no image forms there

128
Q

What is the macula lutea and where is this located?

A

Just lateral to the optic disc. It is a rounded, yellowish region of the retina–contains a pit called the fovea centralis (the area of sharpest vision). Contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods

129
Q

What divides the anterior from the posterior cavity of the eye?

A

The lens

130
Q

What is the anterior cavity of the eye?

A

Space anterior to the lens and posterior to the cornea

131
Q

What subdivides the anterior chamber of the eye further into 2 chambers?

A

The iris.

The anterior chamber is between the iris and cornea and the posterior is between the lens and the iris

132
Q

Where is aqueous humor found in the eye and what is the function?

A

In the anterior cavity. It removes waste products and helps maintain the chemical environment within the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

133
Q

What pathway does aqueous humor follow?

A

Secreted into the posterior chamber then it flows through the posterior chamber around the lens, down through the pupil and into the anterior chamber

134
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the eye located?

A

Posterior to the lens and anterior to the retina

135
Q

What is characteristic of the vitreous humor?

A

Transparent, gelatinous vitreous body which completely fills the space between the lens and the retina

136
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves with parasympathetic branches?

A

3-oculomotor
7- facial
9-glossopharyngeal
10-vagus

137
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia in the head?

A

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion

138
Q

Which ganglia does the oculomotor nerve pass through and what does the parasympathetic portion of this innervate?

A

Ciliary ganglion to the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae of iris

139
Q

Which ganglia does the facial nerve pass through and what does the parasympathetic portion of this innervate?

A
  • pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland and the nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands
  • submandibular ganglion to the sublingual and submandibular glands
140
Q

Which ganglia does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through and what does the parasympathetic portion of this innervate?

A

Otic ganglion to the parotid gland

141
Q

___________ projections are responsible for the detailed operations of the brain, such as sensory interpretations, motor commands, and learning and memory

A

Specific

142
Q

______________ projections determine how the brain will function, in a general sense, and how these functions contribute to changing states of consciousness

A

Nonspecific

143
Q

What are the 7 principles of brain organization?

A
  1. Projections and functional systems in the nervous system can be identified as either specific or nonspecific in their targets.
  2. Many brain functions occur in specific locations within the brain.
  3. Sensory and motor connections with the body are mapped spatially onto the brain in a way that can be described by outlining images of the body itself on the cortex and nuclei.
  4. Functional systems were constructed through evolutionary time, sometimes by adding new layers of organization and control.
  5. Longitudinal systems cross the midline so that each hemisphere of the forebrain relates to the opposite side of the body.
  6. Many higher-level functions are handled by specific areas of the cortex that are not symmetrical, so they are preferentially lateralized to one hemisphere.
  7. Nervous system function is closely integrated with other body systems.
144
Q

Light has just passed through the eye to the rods and cones and now a nerve impulse is being generated in the opposite direction (toward the ganglion cells of the optic nerve). What cell types will the nerve impulse run into on its way from the rods and cones to the ganglion cells?

A

Horizontal cells
Bipolar cells
Amacrine cells

Anatomy II Exam 3: Lectures 17-20 (5 decks)

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