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Biochem > Lecture 20: Basic Concepts in Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Basic Concepts in Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Two opposing streams of chemical reactions

A

catabolism vs. anabolism

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2
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

break down macromolecules into smaller molecules, thereby generating both a useful form of energy (energy carriers) for the cell and some of the small molecules that the cell needs as building blocks

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3
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

Biosynthetic. Pathways use the energy harnessed by catabolism to drive the synthesis of many endogenous macromolecules that form the cell.

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4
Q

Amphibolic

A

both anabolic and catabolic

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5
Q

Fed state and Fast State

A

We are activating BOTH pathways (anabolic and catabolic pathways)

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6
Q

Energy carriers as….

A

energy currency

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7
Q

Macromolecules

A

Rich sources of energy since much of the energy used to form them is stored within chemical bonds that hold them together

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8
Q

The energy released by the oxidation of macromolecules must be?

A

stored temporarily before it can be channeled into the synthesis of other molecules needed by cells

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9
Q

There are two major categories of energy carriers

A
  1. Chemical bond energy
  2. Reducing equivalents
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10
Q

The energy is stored as high-energy chemical (phosphate) bond

A

Nucleotides/nucleoside tri-phosphates (NTPs) such as ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, and dTTP all carry chemical bond energy in the form of high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds

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11
Q

ATP is the most _________ energy carrier in the cell, but it cannot be?

A

Abundant, but it cannot be stored (too unstable). It is produced/used as needed in the cell that produces it.

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12
Q

AMP is a signal of?

A

Low energy in the cell

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13
Q

These molecules diffuse within?

A

Diffuse within the cell and thereby carry their bond energy form sites of energy generation to sites where energy is. Used for cellular activities.

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14
Q

The energy is stored in electrons as reducing equivalence

A

Specialized energy carriers (nucleotide derivatives) accept (oxidized form) and donate (reduced form) electrons. Produced ATP as needed.

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15
Q

Water-soluble electron carriers

A

NAD+ (oxidized, energy poor)
NADH (reduced, energy rich)

NADP+ (oxidized, energy poor)
NADPH (reduced, energy rich)

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16
Q

Membrane associated electron carriers

A

FAD (ETC Complex II)
FADH2 (ETC Complex II)

FMN (ETC Complex I)
FMNH2 (ETC Complex I)

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17
Q

Water soluble precursor

A

Niacin (Vit B3)

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18
Q

Membrane associated precursor

A

Riboflavin (Vit B2)

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19
Q

Adding an electron produces an

A

reduced form of the molecule

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20
Q

Why are there two pools of carriers? NAD+ and NADP+

A

Depending on where you are moving to, you need different means of transportation. Environment dependent.

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21
Q

NAD+/NADH signifiance

A

Catabolic. To accept energy in catabolic reactions. Oxidized form (NAD+) is preferred. (A lot of taxis available to accept passengers once they are ready to go)

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22
Q

NADP+/NADPH significance

A

Anabolic. To donate energy in anabolic reactions. Reduced form (NADPH) is preferred. (We don’t want the body to be waiting to make cells, it needs to be ready right away).

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23
Q

Which are preferred?

A

In Catabolic reactions, Oxidized form (NAD+) is preferred. Anabolic reactions - reduced form (NADPH) is preferred. Water

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24
Q

Oxidized to Cystolic ratio & rationale (NAD+)

A

NAD+: NADH

700: 1

Need NAD+ ready to accept energy from catabolic reactions.

25
Q

Energy is extracted from macromolecules (carbohydrate, protein, or fat) via?

A

Oxidation of metabolic fuels, resulting in end waste products: CO2 and H2O

26
Q

Oxidized to cystolic ratio & rationale NADP+/NADPH

A

NADP+/NADPH
1:10

Need NADPH ready to donate energy for anabolic reactions.

27
Q

Proteins in Fed/Absorptive State

A

from a dietary source

dietary proteins of various forms

28
Q

Proteins in Fast/Post absorptive state

A

from endogenous body reserves

endogenous muscle proteins and cellular proteins

29
Q

Carbs fed/absorptive

A

from dietary source

dietary carbohydrates of various forms: mono, di, oligo, polysaccharides

30
Q

Lipids fed/absorptive

A
31
Q

Carbs fast/post-absorptive

A

from endogenous body reserves

32
Q

Lipids fast/post-absorptive

A
33
Q

Proteins are broken into

A
34
Q

Carbohydrates are broken into

A
35
Q

Lipids are broken into

A
36
Q

II: Building blocks (via various pathways) to….

A

a common intermediate, acetyl CoA

37
Q

There is no dedicated storage for?

A
38
Q

III. TCA cycle oxidizes what to what? Energy released is what?

A

NADH, FADH2, and GTP

39
Q

Energy of NADH and FADH2 is released via? Used by? Requires?

A

Via ETC, and used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. This process requires ATP

40
Q

Insulin/Glucagon goal

A

to maintain normoglycemia (glucose homeostasis) and to regulate energy metabolism

41
Q

Fed

A

-0-4 hours after a carbs containing meal
-Insulin will be at high levels and glucagon will be at low levels
-High insulin/glucagon ratio: helps to lower blood glucose levels

42
Q

Lack of insulin or its “ineffectiveness”

A

Results in diabetes

43
Q

Short-term fasting

A

5-24 hours after a meal with carbs

Insulin is low
Glucagon levels are high

Low insulin/glucagon ratio: to maintain a minimal blood glucose levels

44
Q

Long-Term fasting

A
45
Q

Insulin signaling receptor and effects?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
-Liver, adipose tissue, muscle

RTK phosphorylation –> signaling cascade –> increased general phosphatase activities

  1. De-phosphorylated state for the selected metabolism-specific enzymes (altered enzyme activity)
  2. Gene expression (altered enzyme quantity)
46
Q

Glucagon signaling receptor and effects?

A

Gs coupled receptor (Ga-s)
(Liver, kidney)

47
Q

Epinephrine signaling receptor and effects?

A

cAMP –> increased PKA activity

48
Q

Liver self-sustaining

A
49
Q

Cortisol signaling receptor and effects?

A
50
Q

Fed/Absorptive State Liver (Self Sustaining)

A

-0-4 hours after a meal
-High I/G ratio
-Energy generation

  1. Liver glycolysis
51
Q

Short Term Fasting: Liver Service to Others

A
  1. Service 1 - Liver glycogenolysis: glycogen to glucose for export
  2. Service 2 - Liver gluconeogenesis (slow): non-carb precursors –> glucose for export
  3. Service 3 - Ketogenesis (slow): acetyl-CoA (mito) –> ketones for export
52
Q

Long-term liver fast (Self-sustaining)

A

More than 24 hours post mixed meal.
LOWER I/G ratio.

  1. Adipose tissue lipolysis: TAG –> FA + glycerol.
  2. B-oxidation (FA oxidation): Fatty acids –> acetyl-CoA (mito)
    3.
53
Q

Long-Term fasting Liver Service to others

A

Service 1: NOT glycogenolysis

Service 2: MORE/HIGH gluconeogenesis: Non carb precursors –> glucose for export

Service 3: Ketogenesis (high): acetyl-coA (mito) –> ketones for export

54
Q

Service Liver Fed/Absorptive state

A
  1. Liver glycogenesis: Glucose-6-P –> glycogen
  2. LIpogenesis: TAG synthesis “from scratch” (de novo) in two steps
    - De novo fatty acid synthesis: Acetyl-CoA (cyto) –> fatty acyl-CoA
    -TAG synthesis: Fatty acyl-CoA + glycerol-3-P –> TAG
55
Q

Service Liver Short-Term fast/post-absorptive state

A

-5-24 hours after a mixed meal
-Low I/G ratio

Adipose tissue lipolysis: TAGs –> fatty acids + glycerol

56
Q

Service Liver long-term fast/post absorptive state

A
57
Q

Lysis vs. Genesis Table

A
58
Q
A

Biochem (7 decks)

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