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MEDSCI 202 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what are hypersensitivity diseases

A

diseases caused by immune system

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2
Q

how do hypersensitivity diseases work

A

when responses are not adequately controlled the immune system becomes the cause of the disease

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3
Q

how many types of hypersensitivity diseases are there

A

4

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4
Q

what is type 1

A

IgE mediated for allergic responses

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5
Q

what are IgE responses needed for

A

responding to large complex molecules

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6
Q

how does mast cell degranulation work

A

IgE binds to Fc receptor on the outside of the mast cell which activates the cell for degranulation. Granules are released off of the outside of the cell which causes a cross link between IgE and antigens on mast cells. this causes the release of mediators

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7
Q

what are the mediators released during mast cell degranulation

A

chemoattractants, activators and spasmogens

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8
Q

what are chemoattractants

A

tell other immune cells to get to sites

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9
Q

what are activators

A

increase blood glow at the site

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10
Q

what are spasmogens

A

compounds which have roles in muscle contractions and mucus secretions

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11
Q

what are allergies

A

misdirected IgE responses

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12
Q

what are 4 types of allergies

A

hay fever caused by dust pollen
insect stings caused by proteins in venom
food allergies caused by wheat protein, milk protein, peanuts
small molecules caused by penicillin, codeine

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13
Q

what is the sensitisation phase

A

mast cells are coated with allergen specific IgE and remain armed for a period of time

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14
Q

what does the sensitisation phase do

A

gets memory to allergen after first exposure

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15
Q

what does IgE do during the sensitisation phase

A

sit on the receptor of the mast cell without the specific allergen bound

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16
Q

what is the effector phase

A

allergen enters a second time while mast cells already armed triggering a hypersensitivity reaction

17
Q

what are the steps of the sensitisation and effector phase

A

1) first exposure to allergen
2) activation of Th2 cells and stimulation of IgE class switching to B cells
3) production of IgE specific to allergen
4) binding of IgE to Fc receptor on mast cells and gets hypersensitivity reaction from first exposure resulting in pre loaded mast cells towards specific allergen
5) repeat exposure to allergen
6) immediate activation of mast cells and release of mediators
7) immediately gets lots of symptoms occurring instantly

18
Q

what are the common sites of allergies

A

gut, skin, respiratory tract and multiple organs (anaphylaxis)

19
Q

what are treatments of allergies

A

avoidance, antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine, desensitisation

20
Q

how are allergies tested for

A

blood test through the presence of IgE antibodies in blood and skin prick test which needles coated in diluted antigen

21
Q

what is the hygiene hypothesis

A

change in environment results in a change in lifestyle

22
Q

what is type 2

A

antibodies binding to antigens on the surface of cells and cause lysis

23
Q

what antibodies are present in type 2

A

IgM and IgG

24
Q

what do antibodies attack in type 2

A

mobile cells in bloodstream

25
Q

what is phagocytosis (hemolytic anemia)

A

IgG coated RBC are cleared from circulation via uptake of Fc receptor bearing macrophages and IgM coated RBC are fixed by complement and directly lysed

26
Q

what is goodpastures syndrome

A

antibodies against type 4 collagen in glomerular affects the kidney and aleveoli in the lungs

27
Q

what happens in goodpastures syndrome

A

antibodies trigger complement activation that damages epithelial cells

28
Q

what is type 3 mediated by

A

IgG

29
Q

what does type 3 do

A

antibodies bind antigens and form complexes which gets lodged into places it shouldnt be in and induces an inappropriate inflammatory response

30
Q

what is an example of type 3

A

rheumatoid arthritis and serum sickness

31
Q

what is type 4 mediated by

A

T cells

32
Q

how does type 4 mediated work

A

delayed hypersensitivity which results in trafficking

33
Q

what is an example of type 4

A

contact sensitivity caused by direct contact with certain antigens

MEDSCI 202 (6 decks)

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