Lecture 2- Winter wheat

Question 1

How do you identify wheat?

Answer 1

Small hairy auricles

Question 2

How do you identify barley?

Answer 2

Large overlapping hairless auricles

Question 3

How do you identify oil seed oats?

Answer 3

No auricles

Question 4

What is most wheat used for in the uk?

Answer 4

Livestock feed

Question 5

What is the average UK yield for winter wheat?

Answer 5

8.5T/ha

Question 6

What is the average yield for first wheat following a break crop?

Answer 6

9-10t/ha

Question 7

What is the average yield for second wheat, wheat following wheat?

Answer 7

8-9t/ha (1t/ha less)

Question 8

Traditionally how many tonnes of winter wheat are exported by the UK each year?

Answer 8

3-4 million tonnes

Question 9

Where are the main destinations for the UK for exporting winter wheat?

Answer 9

Spain (20-30%)
Algeria
Morocco 
Portugal 
Egypt

Question 10

Why is it advisable to avoid drilling too early? (Early September)
4 reasons

Answer 10

All weeds germinate in crop (no time for stale seed beds)
Very high levels of fungal disease
High numbers of aphids
Higher risk of lodging in spring

Question 11

What are 3 examples of fungal disease in winter wheat?

Answer 11

Take-all
Eyespot
Mildew

Question 12

When is the drilling date for first wheat?

Answer 12

Mid-late September

Question 13

When is the drilling date for second wheat crops?

Answer 13

Mid October due to higher risk

Question 14

When is black grass a problem during the year?

Answer 14

Late October (needs good soil management)

Question 15

What is the calculation for seed rate?

Answer 15

Thousand grain weight (g) x target plant population (m2)
—————————————————————
Expected plant establishment (%)

Question 16

What is systematic fungicides?

Answer 16

Some early control of foliar diseases

Question 17

What is systematic insecticides?

Answer 17

Protect against early insect damage (e.g. Aphids)

Question 18

What is the desired drilling depth for winter wheat?

Answer 18

3-5cm

Question 19

In what circumstance would you require 3cm soil coverage over a winter wheat seed?

Answer 19

If using a pre-emergence herbicide

Question 20

In what circumstance would you need 5cm drilling depth for winter wheat?

Why?

Answer 20

If the top soil is very dry and drilling early

To allow access to moisture

Question 21

How long do you have to apply pre-emergence herbicide after drilling/rolling?

Answer 21

Within 48hrs

Question 22

What are pre-emergence herbicides?

What do they target?

Answer 22

Selective herbicides

Targets weeds when small during the seedling stage

Question 23

When’s best to use pre-emergence herbicides for winter wheat?

Answer 23

Mid to late autumn

Question 24

What’s the 3 problems with waiting until weeds are developed when using herbicides?

Answer 24

Harder to kill
Yield already lost
May have produced seeds

Question 25

What conditions lead to high risk of slug damage to crops?

5 answers

Answer 25

Wet weather 
Clay soils 
Following oil seed rape 
High trash content on soil bed
Cloddy soil

Question 26

How to you break up clods and consolidate seed beds?

Answer 26

Cambridge roller

Question 27

At what growth stage are slugs an issue?

Answer 27

High risk before growth stage 20s (GS20s)

Question 28

What does BYDV stand for?

Answer 28

Barley yellow dwarf virus

Question 29

What crops does barley yellow dwarf virus attack?

Answer 29

Deals such as barley, wheat and oats

Question 30

How do you control barley yellow dwarf virus?

2 answers

Answer 30

Use systematic insecticide seed treatment

Don’t drill too early

Question 31

What are the main pest threats to cereal crops?

Answer 31

Slugs and aphids carrying Barley yellow dwarf virus

Question 32

When are higher seed rates required?

Why?

Answer 32

Later drilling

Less tillers and lower establishment