lecture 2 - upper airways

Question 1

What is the lower boundary of the upper airways?

Answer 1

Larynx

Question 2

What is the upper boundary of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Trachea

Question 3

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 4

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 4

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 5

What are the 3 subunits of the pharynx?

Answer 5

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 6

What are some of the functions of the nose and nasal cavities?

Answer 6

Olfaction, airway conduction, dust filtration, moisten/warm, speech resonance

Question 7

What are the parts of the external nose?

Answer 7

Nasal cartilages, nasal bone, fibrous fatty tissue

Question 8

What are the cartilages that make up the nasal cartilage?

Answer 8

Septal cartilage, Alar (greater and lesser) cartilages

Question 9

Where on the external nose is fibrous fatty tissue found?

Answer 9

On the inferior, lateral parts of the nose

Question 10

What separates the 2 nasal cavities?

Answer 10

The nasal/medial septum

Question 11

What structures make up the medial wall/septum side of the nasal cavity?

Answer 11

Septal cartilage, vomer bone, ethmoid bone

Question 12

What structures make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

Maxilla, lacrimal bone, palatine bone, inferior nasal concha, ethmoid bone

Question 13

What structures make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 13

Nasal bone, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

Question 14

What structures make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 14

Maxilla (hard palate), palatine bone (soft palate)

Question 15

Which part of the nasal mucosa is concerned with olfaction?

Answer 15

Upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity walls

Question 16

What structure in the upper nasal cavity has olfactory receptor axons pass through it?

Answer 16

Cribriform plate

Question 17

What bone contains the cribriform plate?

Answer 17

Ethmoid bone

Question 18

Where does the olfactory bulb sit in relation to the bones of the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

Above the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bulb

Question 19

What are the 3 key functions of the respiratory epithelium covering the lower 2/3 of the nasal cavity?

Answer 19

Warms, moistens and cleans air

Question 20

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 20

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 21

What is the function of the cilia in the epithelium within the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

Move mucus secreted by goblet cells back towards the nasopharynx so they can be swallowed.

Question 22

What are nasal conchae?

Answer 22

Projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

Question 23

Which wall of the nasal cavity has conchae?

Answer 23

Lateral wall

Question 24

What are the names of the 3 nasal conchae?

Answer 24

Superior, middle, inferior

Question 25

What are the nasal meatuses?

Answer 25

Air passages below each of the conchae

Question 26

What are the names of the 3 nasal meatuses?

Answer 26

Superior nasal, middle nasal and inferior nasal meatus.

Question 27

What is the name of the air passage superior to the superior nasal meatus?

Answer 27

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 28

What is the function of the conchae and meatuses?

Answer 28

Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity

Question 29

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 29

air-filled extensions of the nasal cavities into the adjacent bones

Question 30

What are the 4 groups of paranasal sinuses?

Answer 30

Frontal sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses/cells, maxillary sinuses

Question 31

Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?

Answer 31

The sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 32

Where do the frontal sinuses drain?

Answer 32

The middle nasal meatus

Question 33

Where do the maxillary sinuses drain?

Answer 33

The middle nasal meatus

Question 34

Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?

Answer 34

The middle and superior nasal meatus

Question 35

Where is the pharynx located?

Answer 35

Extends from the behind the nasal cavity to the esophagus

Question 36

What is the wall of the pharynx mostly composed of?

Answer 36

Skeletal muscle

Question 37

What lines the upper part of the pharynx?

Answer 37

Respiratory epithelium - pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 38

What lines the lower part of the pharynx?

Answer 38

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 39

Which apertures join the nasal cavity with the nasopharynx?

Answer 39

Posterior nares/choanae

Question 40

What tube opens on to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

Answer 40

Auditory/Eustachian tube

Question 41

What are the 2 tonsils of the nasopharynx?

Answer 41

pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil

Question 42

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

Answer 42

On the roof of the nasopharynx

Question 43

Where is the tubal tonsil located?

Answer 43

On the lateral wall of the nasopharynx behind the opening of the auditory tube

Question 44

What are tonsils?

Answer 44

Collections/masses of lymphoid tissue

Question 45

How does the oropharynx connect with the oral cavity?

Answer 45

Via the oropharyngeal isthmus

Question 46

What are the tonsils found in the oropharynx?

Answer 46

Lingual tonsil, pair of palatine tonsils

Question 47

Where is the lingual tonsil located?

Answer 47

At the posterior end of the tongue in the oropharynx

Question 48

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Answer 48

The intervals between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Question 49

How does the laryngopharynx connect with the larynx?

Answer 49

Via the laryngeal outlet

Question 50

What is the Pharygeal Tonsillar ring?

Answer 50

The ring like arrangement of the 6 tonsils of the pharynx

Question 51

How many tonsils are found in the pharynx?

Answer 51

6

Question 52

What are the key functions of the larynx?

Answer 52

Protect/maintain airway, produced voice

Question 53

What are the 3 large unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 53

Cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis

Question 54

What are the 3 smaller pairs of cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 54

Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Question 55

How does the thyroid and cricoid cartilage articulate?

Answer 55

Via a synovial joint

Question 56

What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

Answer 56

The thyroid cartilage

Question 57

What is the medical name for the Adam’s Apple?

Answer 57

Laryngeal prominence

Question 58

What part of the larynx makes up the laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)?

Answer 58

The two parts of the thyroid cartilage, where they meet

Question 59

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 59

Ring shaped (like a man’s signet ring)

Question 60

What are the 2 external membranes of the larynx?

Answer 60

Thyrohyoid membrane (Anterior) Cricothyroid membrane

Question 61

What does the thyrohyoid membrane connect?

Answer 61

Superiorly to the hyoid bone, inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage

Question 62

What does the cricothyroid membrane connect?

Answer 62

Superiorly to the thyroid cartilage, inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage

Question 63

What membrane can be penetrated to provide a local airway when the upper airway is blocked?

Answer 63

Cricothyroid membrane - between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Question 64

What are the 2 internal membranes of the larynx?

Answer 64

Quadrangular membrane, lateral cricothyroid membrane

Question 65

Where does the quadrangular membrane sit in the larynx?

Answer 65

Superior to the vestibular fold

Question 66

Where does the interal/lateral cricothyroid membrane sit?

Answer 66

Inferior to the vocal cord

Question 67

What is the name for the interval between the vocal folds?

Answer 67

Rima glottidis

Question 68

What are the 3 parts of the cavity of the larynx (superior to inferior)?

Answer 68

The vestibule, laryngeal ventricles, infraglottic cavity

Question 69

What are the laryngela ventricles?

Answer 69

The space between the vestibular and vocal folds below

Question 70

What nerve supplies the larynx above the laryngeal ventricles (vestibular fold and up)?

Answer 70

Superior laryngeal nerve

Question 71

What nerve supplies the larynx below the laryngeal ventricle (vocal fold and below)?

Answer 71

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 72

What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 72

Internal, external

Question 73

What nerve provide motor innervation to the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 73

Recurrent laryngeal nerve