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ELM2 - respiratory > lecture 2 - upper airways > Flashcards

lecture 2 - upper airways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lower boundary of the upper airways?

A

Larynx

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2
Q

What is the upper boundary of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

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3
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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4
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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5
Q

What are the 3 subunits of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What are some of the functions of the nose and nasal cavities?

A

Olfaction, airway conduction, dust filtration, moisten/warm, speech resonance

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7
Q

What are the parts of the external nose?

A

Nasal cartilages, nasal bone, fibrous fatty tissue

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8
Q

What are the cartilages that make up the nasal cartilage?

A

Septal cartilage, Alar (greater and lesser) cartilages

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9
Q

Where on the external nose is fibrous fatty tissue found?

A

On the inferior, lateral parts of the nose

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10
Q

What separates the 2 nasal cavities?

A

The nasal/medial septum

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11
Q

What structures make up the medial wall/septum side of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage, vomer bone, ethmoid bone

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12
Q

What structures make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla, lacrimal bone, palatine bone, inferior nasal concha, ethmoid bone

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13
Q

What structures make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

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14
Q

What structures make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla (hard palate), palatine bone (soft palate)

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15
Q

Which part of the nasal mucosa is concerned with olfaction?

A

Upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity walls

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16
Q

What structure in the upper nasal cavity has olfactory receptor axons pass through it?

A

Cribriform plate

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17
Q

What bone contains the cribriform plate?

A

Ethmoid bone

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18
Q

Where does the olfactory bulb sit in relation to the bones of the nasal cavity?

A

Above the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bulb

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19
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the respiratory epithelium covering the lower 2/3 of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms, moistens and cleans air

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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21
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the epithelium within the nasal cavity?

A

Move mucus secreted by goblet cells back towards the nasopharynx so they can be swallowed.

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22
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

Projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

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23
Q

Which wall of the nasal cavity has conchae?

A

Lateral wall

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24
Q

What are the names of the 3 nasal conchae?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

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25
Q

What are the nasal meatuses?

A

Air passages below each of the conchae

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26
Q

What are the names of the 3 nasal meatuses?

A

Superior nasal, middle nasal and inferior nasal meatus.

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27
Q

What is the name of the air passage superior to the superior nasal meatus?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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28
Q

What is the function of the conchae and meatuses?

A

Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity

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29
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled extensions of the nasal cavities into the adjacent bones

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30
Q

What are the 4 groups of paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses/cells, maxillary sinuses

31
Q

Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?

A

The sphenoethmoidal recess

32
Q

Where do the frontal sinuses drain?

A

The middle nasal meatus

33
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses drain?

A

The middle nasal meatus

34
Q

Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?

A

The middle and superior nasal meatus

35
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Extends from the behind the nasal cavity to the esophagus

36
Q

What is the wall of the pharynx mostly composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle

37
Q

What lines the upper part of the pharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium - pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

38
Q

What lines the lower part of the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

Which apertures join the nasal cavity with the nasopharynx?

A

Posterior nares/choanae

40
Q

What tube opens on to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Auditory/Eustachian tube

41
Q

What are the 2 tonsils of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil

42
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

On the roof of the nasopharynx

43
Q

Where is the tubal tonsil located?

A

On the lateral wall of the nasopharynx behind the opening of the auditory tube

44
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collections/masses of lymphoid tissue

45
Q

How does the oropharynx connect with the oral cavity?

A

Via the oropharyngeal isthmus

46
Q

What are the tonsils found in the oropharynx?

A

Lingual tonsil, pair of palatine tonsils

47
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil located?

A

At the posterior end of the tongue in the oropharynx

48
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

The intervals between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

49
Q

How does the laryngopharynx connect with the larynx?

A

Via the laryngeal outlet

50
Q

What is the Pharygeal Tonsillar ring?

A

The ring like arrangement of the 6 tonsils of the pharynx

51
Q

How many tonsils are found in the pharynx?

A

6

52
Q

What are the key functions of the larynx?

A

Protect/maintain airway, produced voice

53
Q

What are the 3 large unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis

54
Q

What are the 3 smaller pairs of cartilage in the larynx?

A

Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

55
Q

How does the thyroid and cricoid cartilage articulate?

A

Via a synovial joint

56
Q

What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

A

The thyroid cartilage

57
Q

What is the medical name for the Adam’s Apple?

A

Laryngeal prominence

58
Q

What part of the larynx makes up the laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)?

A

The two parts of the thyroid cartilage, where they meet

59
Q

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Ring shaped (like a man’s signet ring)

60
Q

What are the 2 external membranes of the larynx?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane
(Anterior) Cricothyroid membrane

61
Q

What does the thyrohyoid membrane connect?

A

Superiorly to the hyoid bone, inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage

62
Q

What does the cricothyroid membrane connect?

A

Superiorly to the thyroid cartilage, inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage

63
Q

What membrane can be penetrated to provide a local airway when the upper airway is blocked?

A

Cricothyroid membrane - between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

64
Q

What are the 2 internal membranes of the larynx?

A

Quadrangular membrane, lateral cricothyroid membrane

65
Q

Where does the quadrangular membrane sit in the larynx?

A

Superior to the vestibular fold

66
Q

Where does the interal/lateral cricothyroid membrane sit?

A

Inferior to the vocal cord

67
Q

What is the name for the interval between the vocal folds?

A

Rima glottidis

68
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cavity of the larynx (superior to inferior)?

A

The vestibule, laryngeal ventricles, infraglottic cavity

69
Q

What are the laryngela ventricles?

A

The space between the vestibular and vocal folds below

70
Q

What nerve supplies the larynx above the laryngeal ventricles (vestibular fold and up)?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

71
Q

What nerve supplies the larynx below the laryngeal ventricle (vocal fold and below)?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

72
Q

What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Internal, external

73
Q

What nerve provide motor innervation to the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

ELM2 - respiratory (12 decks)

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