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biology 1m03 > Lecture 2: The The theory of evolution by natural selection + The chromosome theory > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The The theory of evolution by natural selection + The chromosome theory Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What theory “where do organisms come from?”

A

The theory of evolution by natural selection

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2
Q

What explains that:
1. All species were created seperately // they are unrelated to one another
2. Each species is unchanging, + there is little variation

HINT: before Darwin (mid 1800s + earlier)

A

The prevailing paradigm special creation (aka natural theology)

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3
Q

DEF: What is a distinct, identifiable type of organism?

A

Species

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4
Q

Who discovered fossils for life forms that no
longer existed? (NOT RLLY NEEDED)

A

Early paleontologists (such as Mary Anning, 1799-
1847
- claimed that species could go extinct was met with
lots of resistance

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5
Q

In 1858, Charles Darwin + Alfred Russel
Wallace made what 2 claims regarding the natural
world: CD

A
  1. All species are related by COMMON ANCESTRY
  2. Characteristics of species can be modified from gen to gen (DESCENT W/ MODIFICATION)
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6
Q

Descent w/ modification further explained (2 points):

A
  • Species changing overtime= MICROEVOLUTION
  • Species splitting + diverging= MACROEVOLUTION
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7
Q

What is defined as:
- A change in the characteristics of a POPULATION over time
- Species are related to one another and
can change through time

A

Evolution

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8
Q

What is defined as:
– A group of individuals of the same species
– Living in the same area
– At the same time

A

Population

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9
Q

Darwin was the first to what?

A

The first to find a lot of evidence to back up the idea that species were unchanging

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10
Q

Which 2 people proposed the mode of evolution of NATURAL SELECTION?

A

Darwin +Wallace

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11
Q

2 conditions of Natural selection:

A
  1. Individuals must vary in traits that are HERITABLE (can be passed on)
  2. In a specific environ.- certain versions of heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions
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12
Q

What happens if certain traits lead to increase success in producing offspring?

A

These traits become more common in the pop. over time (evolutions is a result of natural selection)

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13
Q

Natural selection acts on ____

A

Individuals

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14
Q

Evolutionary change occurs in ____

A

Populations

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15
Q

DEF: What occurs when populations diverge to form new species?

A

Speciation

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16
Q

Ex. Daphinia spp. example

A

Lake w/o out predators have no spine + lake w predators have spines

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17
Q

What is defined as:
- The ability of an individual to produce offspring

A

Fitness

18
Q

Individuals w high fitness produce many ____ offspring

A

surviving

19
Q

What is defined as:
- A heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environ.

A

Adaptation

20
Q

Natural selection ex.

Explain Finches on a Galapagos island

A
  • Variation in finch beak size +
    shape
  • Rainfall consistent=
    small soft seeds are
    abundant
  • Shift in the proportion
    of finches with small, pointed
    beaks
21
Q

Small pointed beaks:
- have a higher fitness (produced more offspring
- heritable (genetic basis)
- adaptation (increased finches ability to thrive)
- increased in pop.)

T or F

A

True

22
Q

The _____ is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms

A

Cell

23
Q

All species are related by common ______ + have changed over time in response to _____ ______

A

Ancestry, Natural Selection

24
Q

What theory explains “How is hereditary information transmitted from one generation to the next?’

A

The chromosome theory of inheritance

25
Q

Who proposed the Chromosomal theory of inheritance in 1902

A

Walter Sutton + Theodor Boveri

26
Q

Chromsome Theory:

  • Hereditary or genetic information is encoded in ____
  • Genes are units located on ______
A

Genes, chromsomes

27
Q

1950s: CHROMOSOMES are molecules of _____ (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

DNA

28
Q

DNA is hereditary material T or F

A

True

29
Q

Genes are segments of DNA that code for cell products T or F

A

True

30
Q

DEF: what described the flow of information in cells

A

The Central Dogma

31
Q

DNA codes for ____ (ribonucleic acid) which codes for ______

A

RNA, protein

32
Q

RNA copy made of the DNA’s info T or F

A

True

33
Q

The RNA copy read to determine what ____ _____ to use to make a protein

A

Building Blocks

34
Q

DNA is copied to pass genetic info from ____ to ____ or from one organism to its offspring

A

Cell to cell

35
Q

What happens when a mistake is made?:

  • DNA sequence changes may lead to changes in
    ____
    – ____ appearance is a product of proteins produced
    – DNA sequence changes may cause changes in
    outward appearance
A

Protein, Outward

36
Q

At individual level, changes in DNA sequence
might increase or decrease _____
– Change in finch beak size and shape
– Change in length of giraffe’s neck

A

Fitness

37
Q

The ______ reactions that sustain the diversity
of life take pace inside cells and requires energy.

A

Chemical

38
Q

Organisms 2 fundamental nutritional
needs:

A
  1. accquring chemical energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  2. Obtaining molecules that can be used as building
    blocks to make DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.
39
Q

How organisms acquire energy is central to the
diversification of life T or F

A

True

40
Q

LECTURE 2 REVIEW
1.3 Life evolves
* The theory of evolution states that all organisms are related by
common ancestry.
* Natural selection is a well-tested explanation for why species
change through time and why they are so well adapted to their
habitats

A
41
Q

LECTURE 2 REVIEW
1.4 Life processes information
* The chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are
located on chromosomes.
* A chromosome consists of a molecule of DNA – the hereditary
material. Genes, located on chromosomes, consist of specific
segments of DNA that code for products in the cell.
* The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein is called the
central dogma.
* Organisms are highly diverse in how they acquire and use
energy.

A

biology 1m03 (12 decks)

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