Lecture 2: The The theory of evolution by natural selection + The chromosome theory

Question 1

What theory “where do organisms come from?”

Answer 1

The theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 2

What explains that:
1. All species were created seperately // they are unrelated to one another
2. Each species is unchanging, + there is little variation

HINT: before Darwin (mid 1800s + earlier)

Answer 2

The prevailing paradigm special creation (aka natural theology)

Question 3

DEF: What is a distinct, identifiable type of organism?

Answer 3

Species

Question 4

Who discovered fossils for life forms that no
longer existed? (NOT RLLY NEEDED)

Answer 4

Early paleontologists (such as Mary Anning, 1799-
1847
- claimed that species could go extinct was met with
lots of resistance

Question 5

In 1858, Charles Darwin + Alfred Russel
Wallace made what 2 claims regarding the natural
world: CD

Answer 5

1. All species are related by COMMON ANCESTRY
2. Characteristics of species can be modified from gen to gen (DESCENT W/ MODIFICATION)

Question 6

Descent w/ modification further explained (2 points):

Answer 6

• Species changing overtime= MICROEVOLUTION
• Species splitting + diverging= MACROEVOLUTION

Question 7

What is defined as:
- A change in the characteristics of a POPULATION over time
- Species are related to one another and
can change through time

Answer 7

Evolution

Question 8

What is defined as:
– A group of individuals of the same species
– Living in the same area
– At the same time

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

Darwin was the first to what?

Answer 9

The first to find a lot of evidence to back up the idea that species were unchanging

Question 10

Which 2 people proposed the mode of evolution of NATURAL SELECTION?

Answer 10

Darwin +Wallace

Question 11

2 conditions of Natural selection:

Answer 11

1. Individuals must vary in traits that are HERITABLE (can be passed on)
2. In a specific environ.- certain versions of heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions

Question 12

What happens if certain traits lead to increase success in producing offspring?

Answer 12

These traits become more common in the pop. over time (evolutions is a result of natural selection)

Question 13

Natural selection acts on ____

Answer 13

Individuals

Question 14

Evolutionary change occurs in ____

Answer 14

Populations

Question 15

DEF: What occurs when populations diverge to form new species?

Answer 15

Speciation

Question 16

Ex. Daphinia spp. example

Answer 16

Lake w/o out predators have no spine + lake w predators have spines

Question 17

What is defined as:
- The ability of an individual to produce offspring

Answer 17

Fitness

Question 18

Individuals w high fitness produce many ____ offspring

Answer 18

surviving

Question 19

What is defined as:
- A heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environ.

Answer 19

Adaptation

Question 20

Natural selection ex.

Explain Finches on a Galapagos island

Answer 20

• Variation in finch beak size +
  shape
• Rainfall consistent=
  small soft seeds are
  abundant
• Shift in the proportion
  of finches with small, pointed
  beaks

Question 21

Small pointed beaks:
- have a higher fitness (produced more offspring
- heritable (genetic basis)
- adaptation (increased finches ability to thrive)
- increased in pop.)

T or F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The _____ is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms

Answer 22

Cell

Question 23

All species are related by common ______ + have changed over time in response to _____ ______

Answer 23

Ancestry, Natural Selection

Question 24

What theory explains “How is hereditary information transmitted from one generation to the next?’

Answer 24

The chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 25

Who proposed the Chromosomal theory of inheritance in 1902

Answer 25

Walter Sutton + Theodor Boveri

Question 26

Chromsome Theory: - Hereditary or genetic information is encoded in ____ - Genes are units located on ______

Answer 26

Genes, chromsomes

Question 27

1950s: CHROMOSOMES are molecules of _____ (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

DNA is hereditary material T or F

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Genes are segments of DNA that code for cell products T or F

Answer 29

True

Question 30

DEF: what described the flow of information in cells

Answer 30

The Central Dogma

Question 31

DNA codes for ____ (ribonucleic acid) which codes for ______

Answer 31

RNA, protein

Question 32

RNA copy made of the DNA’s info T or F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The RNA copy read to determine what ____ _____ to use to make a protein

Answer 33

Building Blocks

Question 34

DNA is copied to pass genetic info from ____ to ____ or from one organism to its offspring

Answer 34

Cell to cell

Question 35

What happens when a mistake is made?: - DNA sequence changes may lead to changes in ____ – ____ appearance is a product of proteins produced – DNA sequence changes may cause changes in outward appearance

Answer 35

Protein, Outward

Question 36

At individual level, changes in DNA sequence might increase or decrease _____ – Change in finch beak size and shape – Change in length of giraffe’s neck

Answer 36

Fitness

Question 37

The ______ reactions that sustain the diversity of life take pace inside cells and requires energy.

Answer 37

Chemical

Question 38

Organisms 2 fundamental nutritional needs:

Answer 38

1. accquring chemical energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 2. Obtaining molecules that can be used as building blocks to make DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.

Question 39

How organisms acquire energy is central to the diversification of life T or F

Answer 39

True

Question 40

LECTURE 2 REVIEW 1.3 Life evolves * The theory of evolution states that all organisms are related by common ancestry. * Natural selection is a well-tested explanation for why species change through time and why they are so well adapted to their habitats

Question 41

LECTURE 2 REVIEW 1.4 Life processes information * The chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are located on chromosomes. * A chromosome consists of a molecule of DNA – the hereditary material. Genes, located on chromosomes, consist of specific segments of DNA that code for products in the cell. * The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein is called the central dogma. * Organisms are highly diverse in how they acquire and use energy.